La lógica del Terrorismo: Conexión entre Turismo, Sindicalización y Terrorismo

Autores/as

  • Maximiliano Emanuel Korstanje

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2015.13.016

Palabras clave:

Turismo, Vulnerabilidad, Terrorismo, Consumo, Guerra

Resumen

En los últimos años, diversos grupos terroristas han atentado contra objetivos turísticos en diferentes partes del globo. Ello ha despertado la atención y preocupación de varios académicos y profesionales del sector. La literatura especializada no dubita en señalar al terrorismo como la principal amenaza de Occidente en este nuevo siglo. No obstante, una mirada más profunda sugiere que existe una relación dialéctica entre terrorismo y turismo que aún no ha sido estudiada. Dentro de los objetivos del presente ensayo se encuentra revelar esa conexión histórica con el fin de darles a los lectores un estado del arte completo sobre el fenómeno. Es importante también descifrar el mensaje implícito del terrorista para extorsionar a un estado siempre más fuerte utilizando un rehén. Este razonamiento se encuentra enraizado en la lógica propia del capitalismo y del derecho a huelga. Si bien se toman en cuenta todas las voces y consideraciones sobre este problema, la tesis de que la dependencia económica de los países periféricos respecto de los industriales puede generar cierto resentimiento que es funcional al terrorismo es descartada de raíz. Desde lo interno, la división internacional del trabajo ha llevado al turismo a relegar a ciertos actores a posiciones subordinadas del orden que se establece, el anarquismo (considerado como terrorismo) ha capitalizado esas asimetrías organizando la lucha sindical y trayendo con ello ciertos beneficios para la fuerza laboral. Si partimos por afirmar que el turismo moderno ha sido resultado de ese proceso de legalización de los derechos laborales, tenemos que asumir que el turismo es el terrorismo por otras vías.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Abadie, A and Gardeazabal, J,.2003, The economic costs of Conflict: a case study of Basque country. American Economic Review, 93 (1): 113-132

Altheide, D, 2006 Terrorist and the Politics of Fear. (1st Ed) Oxford, Altamira Press.

Altheide, D, 2009 Moral Panic: from sociological concept to public discourse”. Crime and Media Culture, 5 (1): 79-99.

Araña, J and León, C. 2008 “The Impact of terrorism on tourism demand”. Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (2): 299-315.

Aziz, H, 1995 “Understanding attacks on tourists in Egypt”. Tourist Management, 16: 91-95.

Barro, R. 1991 “Economic Growth in a cross section countries”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2): 407-443.

Bassi, C. 2010 “The Anti-Imperialism of Fools: a cautionary story on the revolutionary Socialist Vanguard of England post-9/ 11 Anti War Movement”. ACME: an international E-journal for Critical Geographies, 9 (2): 113-137.

Baudrillard, J. 1995a The systems of the objects. (2cd Ed) Mexico: Siglo XXI.

Baudrillard, J. 1995b The Gulf War Did Not Take Place. (1st ed) Sydney: Power Publications

Baudrillard, J., 2006 Virtuality and Events: the hell of power. Baudrillard Studies. Vol. 3 (2). July. Availabe at http://www.ubishops.ca/BaudrillardStudies/. Bishop´s University, Canada. Version translated by Chris Turner.

Bernstein, R. 2006 The Abuse of Evil. The corruption of politics and religion since 9/11. (1st ed) Buenos Aires: Katz.

Bhattarai, K, Conway, D and Shrestha, N. 2005. “Tourism, terrorism and Turmoil in Nepal”. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (3): 669-688.

Bianchi, R, 2007, “Tourism and The Globalization of Fear: analyzing the politics of risk and (in)security in global travel”. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7 (1):. 64-74.

Bufalo, Del E. 2002 “La Restructuración neoliberal y la globalización”. In Guerra Infinita: hegemonía y terror mundial.

Ceceña, A. and Sader, E. Buenos Aires: CLACSO. Pp. 39-62.

Castaño, J. M. 2005 Psicología Social de los Viajes y el Turismo. Madrid: Thomson Ed.

Connolly, W. 1994 The Terms of Political Discourse. (1st ed) Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Corey, R. 2009 Fear, the history of Political Ideas. (1st ed) Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Dann, G. 1998 “The Dark side of Tourism: etudes et Rapports”. L Aix en Provence. Centre International de Reserches et d Etudes Turistiques.

Domínguez, P, Burguette, E and Bernard, A. 2003 “Efectos del 11 de Septiembre en la hotelería Mexicana: reflexión sobre la mono-dependencia turística”. Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo, 12 (3-4): 335-348.

Essner, J. 2003 “Terrorism´s impacto n Tourism: what the industry may learn from Egypt´s struggle with al-Gama ´a al-Islamiya”. Security and Development. IPS 688.

Floyd, M. and Pennington-Gray, L 2004 “Profiling Risk: perception of tourist”. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (4): 1051-1054.

Floyd, M. Gibson, H. Pennington-Gray, L and Thapa, B. 2003 “The Effects of Risk Perception on Intention to Travel in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001”. Safety and Security in Tourism: relationships, Management and Marketing,. 15 (2): 2-15.

Fluri, J. 2009 “Foreign Passport Only: geographies of post-conflict work in Kabul, Afghanistan”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,. 99 (5): 986-994.

Fritting, M and Kang, H. 2006 “International Terrorism, International Trade and Borders”. Research in Global Strategic Management,. 12 (1): 203-223.

Fukuyama, F. 1989 “The End of History”. The national Interest, 16 (1): 4-18.

Giucci, G. 2007 The Cultural Life of Automobile. (1st ed) Quilmes: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes.

Glaeser, E. and Shapiro, J. 2001 Cities and Warfare: the impact of terrorismo on urban form. Harvard Institute of Economics Research. Paper 1942. Massachusetts, Harvard University, Material Disponible en www.post.economics.harvard.edu/hier/2001papers.

Goldblatt, J. and Hu C. 2005 Tourism, teorrorism, and the new World for Event Leaders”. E-review of tourism Research, 3 (6): 139-144.

Gray, C. S. 2007 “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive war Doctrines: Reconsideration. Department of the Army, Department of Defense, US Government”. Available at http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/Pubs/display.cfm?pubid=789

Hall, M. 2002 “Travel Safety, terrorism and the media: the significance of the issue-attention cycle”. CurrentIssues in Tourism, 5 (5): 458-466.

Hoffman, B. 2002 “Rethinking Terrorism and Counterterrorism since 9/11. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Vol. 25 (5), pp. 303-316.

Holloway, J and Paláez, E. 2002 “La guerra de todos los estados contra toda la gente”. En Guerra Infinita: hegemonía y terror mundial. Ceceña, A. y Sader, E. Buenos Aires: CLACSO. Pp. 159-166.

Howie, L. 2009 “A Role for Business in the War on Terror”. Disaster Prevention and Management, 18 (2): 100-107.

Huntington, S. P. 1993 The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Oklahoma: Oklahoma University Press.

Hungtinton, S. P. 1997 The Clash of Civilizations: Remaking of World Order. New York: Touchstone Book.

Johnston, H. 2008 “Ritual, Strategy and deep Culture in the Chechen National Movement”. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1 (3): 321-342.

Joll, J. 1979 The Anarchist. London: Methuen. Keohane, N and Zeckhauser, R. 2003 “The ecology of Terror defense”. Journal of risk and Uncertainty, 26 (2-3): 201-229.

Kellner, D. 2005 “Baudrillard, Globalization and Terrorism: some comments in recent adventures of the Image and Spectacle on the occasion of Baudrillard´s 75th birthday”. Baudrillard Studies, 2 (1): 1-19

Kepel, G. 2002 “Los Hechos del 11 de Septiembre de 2001”. In El Mundo Después del 11 de Septiembre de 2001. (Editor). Barcelona: Editorial Península. Pp. 25-43.

Korstanje, M. 2009 “Re-visiting the risk perception theory in the Context of Travels”. ERTR: e Review of Tourism Research, 7 (4): 68-81

Korstanje, M 2010. “El 11 de Septiembre y la Teoría de la Percepción del Riesgo”. Pasos: revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural, 8 (2): 389-402.

Korstanje, M. 2011. “Why Risks, why Now?. Conceptual Problems around the Risk Perception in Tourism Industry”. RBTUR: Revista Brasilera de Pesquisa em Turismo, 5 (1): 4-22.

Korstanje, M. & Clayton, A. 2012. “Tourism and Terrorism, Conflicts and Commonalities”. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 4 (1): 8-25

Kristol, W. and Kagan, R. 1996 “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs. July /August issue.

Kozak, M, Crotts, J. and Law, R. 2007 “The Impact of the pereption of risk on international Travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9 (4): 233-242.

Kuto, B. and Groves, J. 2004 “The Effects of Terrorism: evaluating Kenya´s tourism Crisis. E-review of tourism Research, 2 (4): 88-95.

Lash, S. and Urry, J. 1998 Economías de Signo y Espacio: sobre el capitalismo de la postorganización. (3d ed) Buenos Aires: Amorrortu Editores.

Lepp, A. and Gibson, H. 2008 “Sensation Seeking and Tourism: tourist role, perception of risk and Destination Choice”. Tourism Management, 29 (1): 740-750.

Mccartney, G. 2008 “Does one culture all think the same?. An investigation of destination image perceptions from several origins”. Tourism Review, 63 (4): 13-26.

Miles, W. F. 2002, Auschwitz, Museum interpretation and Darker Tourism“..Annals of Tourism Research. Vol. 29 (4), pp. 1175-1178.

Paraskevas, A. and Arendell, B. 2007 “A strategic Framework for terrorism prevention and mitigation in tourism destination”. Tourism Management, 28 (1): 1560-1573.

Paraskevas, A. 2008 “Towards Safer Special Events: a structured approach to counter the terrorism threat”. In International Perspectives of Festivals and Events. Ali-Knight, J Robertson, M, Fyall, A. and Ladkin, A (Editors). Elsevier: Electronic Version.

Peattie, S. Clarke, P. and Peattie, K. 2005 “Risk and Responsibility in Tourism: promoting sun-safety”. Tourism Management, 26 (3): 399-408.

Phillips, D. E. 2008 “Terrorism and Security in the Caribbean Before and After 9/11”. In Armed Forces and Conflict Resolution: sociological perspectives. Caforio G, Kummel G & Purkayastha, B (eds). Westyorkshire, Emerald, pp. 97-138.

Prideaux, B. 2005 “Factors affecting bilateral tourism Flows”. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (3): 780-801.

Pojman, L. 2006 Terrorism, Human Rights and the case for World Government. (1st ed) Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

Pollins, B. M. 1989 “Does trade still follow the flag?”. American Political Science Review, 83 (2): 465-480

Rashid, A. 2002, Los Hechos del 11 de Septiembre de 2001”. In El Mundo Después del 11 de Septiembre de 2001. (Compilación). Barcelona: Editorial Península. Pp. 13-23.

Reisinger, Y. and F. Mavondo. 2005 “Travel Anxiety and Intention to Travel internationally: implication of Travel Risk perception”. Journal of Travel Research, 43 (3): 212-245.

Robertson, G. 2002 The Role of military in combating terrorism”. Paper presented at second Nato Russia-conference, Moscow, Russia

Robson, L. 2005 “Risk Management for meetings and Events”. Annals of Tourism Research. 35 (3): 840-842.

Rojeck, C. 1997 “Indexing, Dragging and the social construction of tourist sights”. In Rojeck and Urry, J. (Eds). Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory. London: Routledge, 52-74.

Sackett, H. and Botterill, D. 2006 “Perception of International Travel Risk: an exploratory study of the influence of proximity to terrorist attack”. E-review of tourism Research, 4 (2): 44-49..

Said, E. 2001, The Clash of Ignorance. The Nation. October 4. Available at http://www.thenation.com/article/lash-ignorance.

Skoll, G. 2007 “Meaning of Terrorism”. International Journal for The Semiotics of Law, 20 (3): 107-127.

Smaw, E. 2008 “From Chaos to Contrarianism: Hobbes, Pojman, and the Case of World Government”. Essays in Philosophy,. 9 (2): 4-18.

Smith, W. W. 2010 “The Darker side of Travel: the theory and practice of dark tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 37 (3): 867-869.

Schluter, R. 2008 Turismo: una versión integradora. (1st ed) Buenos Aires: CIET.

Schmid, A. 2004 “Frameworks for Conceptualizing Terrorism”. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16 (2): 197-221

Schmid, A. and Jongman, A. 1988, Political Terrorism. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.

Somnez, S. 1998 “Tourism, Terrorism, and political instability”. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (2): 416-456.

Sontag, S. 2002 “Seamos Realistas”. In El Mundo Después del 11 de Septiembre de 2001. (Compilación). Barcelona: Editorial Península. Pp. 59-61.

Stone, P. 2005 “Dark Tourism Consumption. A call for Research”. E-Review of Tourism Research (ERTR), 3 (5): 109-116.

Stone, P. and Sharpley, R. 2008 Consuming Dark Tourism, a Thanatological perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (2): 574-595.

Strange, C. and Kempa, M, 2003 “Shades of Dark Tourism: Alcatraz and Robben Island”. Annals of Tourism Research, 30 (2): 386-405.

Susstein, C. 2005 Laws of Fear: beyond the precautionary Principle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tarlow, P. 2003 “Tourism Ethics”. E-review of tourism Research, 1 (3): 39-41.

Tarlow, P. 2005, Dark Tourism: the appealing dark side of tourism and more”. In Novelli, N. (ed). Niche Tourism – contemporary issues, trends and cases. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 47-58.

Vargas Llosa, M. 2002 “La Lucha Final”. En El Mundo Después del 11 de Septiembre de 2001. (1st ed) Barcelona: Editorial Península. Pp. 53-58.

Virilio, P. 2007 La Ciudad Pánico: el afuera comienza aquí. (1st ed) Buenos Aires: Libros El Zorzal.

Wallace, T.2007 “Went the Day Well: Scripts, Glamour and Performance in War-weekends”. International Journal of Heritage Studiesm 13 (3): 200-223.

Weber, S. 1998 “War, terrorism and tourism”. Annals of tourism Research, 25 (3): 760-763.

Weinberg, L., Pedahzur, A., & Hirsch-Hoefler, S. 2004 . “The challenges of conceptualizing terrorism”. Terrorism and Policical Violence, 16 (4), 777-794.

West, B. 2008 “Collective Memory and Crisis: The 2002 Bali Bombing, National Heroic archetypes and the counter-narrative of Cosmopolitan nationalism”. Journal of Sociology, 44 (4): 337-353.

Wolin, R. 2010 “The idea of cosmopolitanism: from Kant to the Iraq war and beyond”. Ethics & Global Politics, 3 (2): 143-153.

Wong, J. Y. and Yeh, C. 2009 “Tourist Hesitation in Destination decision Making”. Annals of Tourism Research, 36 (1): 6-23

Young-Sook, L. 2006 “The Korean War and tourism: legacy of the war on the development of the tourism industry in South Korea”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8 (3): 157-170.

Yuan, M. 2005 “After September 11: determining its Impacts on Rural Canadians travel to U.S”. E-review of tourism Research, 3 (5): 103-108.

Zizek, S 2008 “El Espectro de la Ideología”. In Mapping Ideology. Zizek, S. (Editor). Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 7-42.

Zizek, S. 2009 Violence. (1st ed) Buenos Aired: Paidos.

Publicado

2014-07-07

Cómo citar

Korstanje, M. E. (2014). La lógica del Terrorismo: Conexión entre Turismo, Sindicalización y Terrorismo. PASOS Revista De Turismo Y Patrimonio Cultural, 14(3), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2015.13.016

Número

Sección

Opiniones y ensayos

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a

<< < 1 2 3 > >>