Liderazgo en turismo y hostelería en tiempos de crisis: moderadores críticos

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2024.22.029

Palabras clave:

Liderazgo, Crisis, Turismo y hostelería, Organizaciones, Factores moderadores

Resumen

Las organizaciones y destinos turísticos y hosteleros se esfuerzan cada vez más por resolver y gestionar diversas crisis. Las crisis pueden definirse como acontecimientos inesperados e indeseables, que causan presión, representan una amenaza, provocan incertidumbre y miedo. Se necesita un liderazgo diferente, con una gran capacidad para hacer frente a la incertidumbre, la vulnerabilidad y los contextos caóticos complejos, para tomar decisiones urgentes y rápidas. Este estudio utilizó varios métodos y técnicas complementarios para alcanzar los objetivos propuestos. Se realizó un estudio empírico, aplicando una encuesta, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a líderes del sector turístico. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende contribuir a una comprensión más profunda del liderazgo de crisis y la gestión de crisis en escenarios disruptivos, en el turismo y la hostelería. También contribuye a enriquecer la investigación sobre liderazgo de crisis, cuando éstas son cada vez más frecuentes, mucho más globalizadoras y dañinas, y contribuye a capitalizar el aprendizaje y el desarrollo de investigaciones que ayuden a mitigar el futuro impacto negativo de otra crisis.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Ricardo Jorge da Costa Guerra, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda

Ricardo Jorge da Costa Guerra é doutorado em Turismo, Lazer e Cultura (2016) pela Universidade de Coimbra, cuja tese está ligada ao turismo de saúde e bem-estar e estratégias de desenvolvimento local. Concluiu o Mestrado em Gestão e Desenvolvimento em Turismo (2009) e a Licenciatura em Gestão e Planeamento em Turismo (2002) ambos pela Universidade de Aveiro. Recentemente, obteve o Título de Especialista em Hotelaria e Restauração (2021). Fora do meio académico, assumiu funções de gestão e coordenação em diversas entidades, nomeadamente, na Visabeira Turismo, Golfe Montebelo, AHRESP, Termas das Caldas da Cavaca, Município de Aguiar da Beira e no projeto CLDS Foz Côa Mais Perto. Começou enquanto docente no ensino superior, a colaborar com o Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, a Universidade da Maia e o Instituto Politécnico de Viseu. Atualmente é Professor Adjunto e Subdiretor da Escola de Turismo e Hotelaria do Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, onde coordena a Licenciatura em Gestão Hoteleira e é membro do Conselho Técnico-Científico, do Conselho Pedagógico e da Unidade Técnico-Científica de Turismo e Hotelaria. É também o representante do Instituto Politécnico da Guarda na Rede de Instituições de Ensino Superior para a Preservação da Dieta Mediterrânica. É investigador integrado no CEGOT - Centro de Estudos em Geografia e Ordenamento do Território (I&D 04084/FCT, RG 3 - Turismo; Universidade de Coimbra) e colabora também com CETRAD, CITUR, UDI/IPG e CEDTUR e os seus principais interesses de investigação são turismo de saúde e bem-estar, gestão e desenvolvimento do turismo, turismo e hospitalidade, turismo sustentável, enoturismo, gastronomia, distribuição turística, marketing turístico e património cultural. Já publicou vários artigos, livros e capítulos de livros com peer-review, participou em projetos de investigação, coorientou teses de doutoramento, orientou e coorientou dissertações de mestrado, orientou cursos de formação de mestrado e licenciatura, participou em comissões científicas de eventos nacionais e internacionais relacionadas com o turismo e hospitalidade e recebeu um prémio.

Citas

Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership : Current Theories, Research, and Future. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621

Benson, A. M., & Blackman, D. (2011). To distribute leadership or not? A lesson from the islands. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.10.002

Blackman, D., & Ritchie, B. W. (2007). Tourism crisis management and organizational learning: The role of reflection in developing effective DMO crisis strategies. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 23(2–4), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073V23N02_04

Boin, A., t’Hart, P., Stern, E., & Sundelius, B. (2017). The politics of crisis management: public leadership under pressure. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316339756

Boin, Arjen. (2005). From Crisis to Disaster: towards an integrative perspective. Em R. Perry & E. . Quarantelli (Eds.), What is a Disaster - New answers to old questions (pp. 153–172). International research committee on disasters. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2009.a317263

Boin, Arjen, & ’T Hart, P. (2003). Public Leadership in Times of Crisis: Mission Impossible? Public Administration Review, 63(5), 544–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6210.00318

Boin, Arjen, & Hart, P. ’t. (2003). Public Leadership in Times of Crisis: Mission Impossible? Public Administration Review, 63(5), 544–553. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3110097

Boin, Arjen, Hart, P., & Kuipers, S. (2018). The Crisis Approach. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, November, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_2

Boin, Arjen, Kuipers, S., & Overdijk, W. (2013). Leadership in times of crisis: A framework for assessment. International Review of Public Administration, 18(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2013.10805241

Boin, Arjen, Sundelius, B., Stern, E., & ‘t Hart, P. (Eds.). (2016a). Ending a Crisis: Managing Accountability. Em The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership under Pressure (2. a ed., pp. 102–125). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/9781316339756.006

Boin, Arjen, Sundelius, B., Stern, E., & ‘t Hart, P. (Eds.). (2016b). Learning and Changing: From Crisis to Reform. Em The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership under Pressure (2.a ed., pp. 126–144). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/9781316339756.007

Buhalis, D. (2000). Relationships in the Distribution Channel of Tourism. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1(1), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v01n01_07

Buhalis, D., Harwood, T., Bogicevic, V., Viglia, G., Beldona, S., & Hofacker, C. (2019). Technological disruptions in services: lessons from tourism and hospitality. Journal of Service Management, 30(4), 484–506. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-12-2018-0398

Bundy, J., Pfarrer, M. D., Short, C. E., & Coombs, W. T. (2017). Crises and Crisis Management: Integration, Interpretation, and Research Development. Em Journal of Management (Vol. 43, Número 6). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316680030

Burns, H., Vaught, H. D., & Bauman, C. (2015). Leadership for sustainability: theoretical foundations and pedagogical practices. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 9(1), 131–143. https://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=b3d04cbb-a0d5-4ddb-ae2c-a4faf4d00cf6%40sdc-v-sessmgr02&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=112988069&db=bsu

Canyon, D. (2020). Definitions in crisis management. Security Nexus, April, 1–10. apcss.org/nexus

Coombs, T., & Holladay, S. J. (2010). The Handbook of Crisis Communication (T. Coombs & S. J. Holladay (Eds.)). 10.1002/9781444314885. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444314885

Coombs, W. T. (1998). An Analytic Framework for Crisis Situations: Better Responses From a Better Understanding of the Situation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 10(3), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1003_02

Coombs, W. T. (2007). Crisis Management and Communications. Institute for Public Relations, 1, 1–14.

Cooper, C. (2016). Essentials of Tourism. Pearson.

Costa, C. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the tourism and travel sectors in Portugal: Recommendations for maximising the contribution of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Cohesion Fund (CF) to the recovery. 2018, 1–224. https://www.portugal2020.pt/sites/default/files/ccosta_for_ec.covid-19.report_txt.final_.pdf

Cunha, M. P. e, & Rego, A. (2022). Ágil: A transformação organizacional para o digital. Principa Editora.

Cunha, M. P., Rego, A., Cunha, R., Cardoso, C. C., Marques, C. A., & Gomes, J. F. (2010). Manual de Gestão de Pessoas e do Capital Humano. Sílabo.

Duan, J., Xie, C., & Morrison, A. M. (2022). Tourism Crises and Impacts on Destinations: A Systematic Review of the Tourism and Hospitality Literature. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 46(4), 667–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348021994194

ETC - European Travel Commission. (2022). Exploring Consumer Travel attitudes and expectations to drive tourism recovery. www.etc-corporate.org

ETC - European Travel Commission. (2023). EUROPEAN TOURISM: TRENDS & PROSPECTS Quarterly report (Q2/2023). European Travel Commission.

Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00048-0

Firestone, S. (2020). What Is Crisis Leadership? Em Biblical Principles of Crisis Leadership: The Role of Spirituality in Organizational Response (pp. 7–21). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44955-1_2

Glaesser, D. (2008). Gestão de Crises na Industria do Turismo (2.a ed.). Bookman.

Gonçalves, E.; Guerra, R. (2022). Strategies for Developing Wine Tourism Destinations: The case of the Douro Valley (Portugal). In Dixit, S. (2021) The Routledge Handbook of Wine Tourism. Routledge Publications, UK. ISBN 978-100064229-2, 978-036769860-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003143628-22

Gonçalves, E; Guerra, R. & Figueiredo, V. (2023). Green Tourism and Sustainability: The Paiva Walkways Case in the Post-Pandemic Period (Portugal). Sustainability,15 (18), 13969. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813969

Gordon, A., & Yukl, G. (2004). The Future of Leadership Research: Challenges and Opportunities. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, 18(3), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/239700220401800307

Gössling, S., & Schweiggart, N. (2022). Two years of COVID-19 and tourism: what we learned, and what we should have learned. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(4), 915–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2029872

Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708

Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 577–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131

Hannah, S. T., Uhl-Bien, M., Avolio, B. J., & Cavarretta, F. L. (2009). A framework for examining leadership in extreme contexts. The Leadership Quarterly, 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.006

Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Life cycle theory of leadership. Em Training & Development Journal (Vol. 23, Número 5, pp. 26–34). American Society for Training & Development.

Hewitt, K. (1983). Interpretations of Calamity: From the Viewpoint of Human Ecology (1.a ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329579

Higgins-Desbiolles, F., Carnicelli, S., Krolikowski, C., Wijesinghe, G., & Boluk, K. (2019). Degrowing tourism: rethinking tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1926–1944. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1601732

House, R. J. (1971). A Path-Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(3), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391905

House, R. J. (1996). Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 323–352. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90024-7

Howell, J. P., Dorfman, P. W., & Kerr, S. (1986). Moderator Variables in Leadership Research. Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4282632

Hunt, J. G. (1967). Fiedler’s leadership contingency model: An empirical test in three organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 2(3), 290–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(67)90023-2

ICAO. (2021). Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Civil Aviation: Economic Impact Analysis. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Montréal, Canada, May, 125. https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/COVID-19/ICAO_Coronavirus_Econ_Impact.pdf

Loannides, D., & Gyimóthy, S. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis is an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1763445

James, L. R., & Brett, J. M. (1984). Mediators, moderators, and tests for mediation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(2), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.69.2.307

Jaques, T. (2010a). Reshaping crisis management: The challenge for organizational design. Organization Development Journal, 28(1), 9–17.

Jaques, T. (2010b). Embedding issue management as a strategic element of crisis prevention. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 19(4), 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561011070385

Kane, R. L., Egan, J. M., & Chung, K. C. (2021). Leadership in Times of Crisis. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 148(4), 899–906. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000008357

Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. (1978). Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22(3), 375–403. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(78)90023-5

Klann, G. (2003). Crisis leadership using military lessons, organizational experiences, and the power of influence to lessen the impact of chaos on the people you lead. Em Crisis leadership using military lessons, organizational experiences, and the power of influence3 to lessen the impact of chaos on the people you lead. Centre for Creative Leadership.

Klann, G. (2013). Crisis Leadership - Using Military Lessons, organizational experiences, and the power of influence to lessen the impact of chaos on the people you lead.

Lalonde, C. (2004). In search of archetypes in crisis management. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 12(2), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0966-0879.2004.00437.x

Laws, E., & Prideaux, B. (2006). Crisis management: A suggested typology. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(2–3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073V19N02_01

Laws, E., Prideaux, B., & Chon, K. (2006). Crisis Management in Tourism. CABI.

Lemos, F., & Silva, M. J. (2023). Crise Covid-19: impactes nas Redes de Operação e Distribuição Turística. Egitania Sciencia, SE-Artigos, 127–148. https://doi.org/10.46691/es.vi.151

Liu, H., Wu, P., & Li, G. (2021). Do crises affect the sustainability of the economic effects of tourism? A case study of Hong Kong. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1966018

Midway, W., East, M., Arabia, S., East, T. M., Dubai, E., Cup, W., Arabia, S., Upscale, U., Arabia, S., Upscale, U., & Upscale, U. (2022). A global view of recovery. September 2020, 1–4.

Milano, C., & Koens, K. (2022). The paradox of tourism extremes. Excesses and restraints in times of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1908967

Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Cheer, J. M. (2019). Overtourism and degrowth: a social movements perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1857–1875. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1650054

Miller, G. A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2003). A farming crisis or a tourism disaster? An analysis of the foot and mouth disease in the UK. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(2), 150–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667949

Mitroff, I. (2004). Crisis Leadership: Planning for the Unthinkable. Wiley. https://books.google.pt/books?id=EP4JAQAAMAAJ

Mitroff, I. I., Hill, L. B., & Alpaslan, C. M. (2013). Crisis Management—An Imperative For Schools BT - Rethinking the Education Mess: A Systems Approach to Education Reform (I. I. Mitroff, L. B. Hill, & C. M. Alpaslan (Eds.); pp. 136–155). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137386045_9

Mitroff, I. I., & Kilmann, R. H. (2021). Enlightened Leadership: Coping with Chaos in Increasingly Turbulent Times. 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71764-3_11

Olsen, D. (2004). Literature in strategic management in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(5), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.10.003

Pearson, C. M., & Clair, J. A. (1998). Reframing Crisis Management. The Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/259099

Pearson, C. M., & Mitroff, I. I. (1993). From crisis prone to crisis prepared: a framework for crisis management. Academy of Management Perspectives, 7(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1993.9409142058

Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (2006). Tourism, Security & Safety. Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann.

Prideaux, B., Laws, E., & Faulkner, B. (2003). Events in Indonesia: Exploring the limits to formal tourism trends forecasting methods in complex crisis situations. Tourism Management, 24(4), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00115-2

Rego, A., & Cunha, Mi. P. (2020). Liderar em tempos de crise. Catolica Porto Business Scholl, 2–11.

Riggio, R. E., & Newstead, T. (2023). Crisis Leadership. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10, 201–224. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-044838

Ritchie, B. W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: A strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 25(6), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.004

Ritchie, B. W., & Jiang, Y. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79(September), 102812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102812

Schaedler, L., Graf-Vlachy, L., & König, A. (2022). Strategic leadership in organizational crises: A review and research agenda. Long Range Planning, 55(2), 102156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2021.102156

Scott, D.; Hall, C. M. & Gössling, S. (2012). Tourism and climate change. Impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Oxon: Routledge.

Scott, N., Laws, E., & Prideaux, B. (2007). Tourism crises and marketing recovery strategies. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 23(2–4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v23n02_01

Seabra, C., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2014). The influence of terrorism risk perception on purchase involvement and safety concerns of international travellers. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(July 2014), 9–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2014.934904

Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2013). Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists. Tourism Management, 36(1), 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.008

Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (1998). Communication, Organization, and Crisis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 21(1), 231–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1998.11678952

Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117(June), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015

Silva, M. J. (2009). A distribuição turística e as redes de agências de viagens em Portugal [Universidade de Aveiro]. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1669

Silva, M. J. (2016). Liderança estratégica do turismo em Portugal: fatores moderadores [Universidade de Aveiro]. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23350

Silva, M. J. (2019). Gestão e Estratégia da Operação e Distribuição Turística - Título de Especialista.

Silva, M. J., & Costa, C. M. M. (2010). A distribuição turística e as redes de agências de viagens em Portugal. Revista de Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 13–14, 1165–1166. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v3i13/14.13293

Silva, M. J., Durão, M., & De Lemos, F. F. (2023). Leading Digital Transformation in Tourism and Hospitality BT - Digital Transformation of the Hotel Industry: Theories, Practices, and Global Challenges (J. Marques & R. P. Marques (Eds.); pp. 247–262). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31682-1_13

Sönmez, S. F. (1998). Tourism, terrorism, and political instability. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(2), 416–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00093-5

Sönmez, S. F., Apostolopoulos, Y., Tarlow, P., As, T., Crisis, A. T., Sönmez, S. F., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P. (1999). Tourism in crisis: Managing the effects of terrorism. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800104

Stern, E. K. (2017). Crisis, Leadership, and Extreme Contexts BT - Leadership in Extreme Situations (M. Holenweger, M. K. Jager, & F. Kernic (Eds.); pp. 41–59). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55059-6_3

Tarlow, P. (2014). Tourism security Strategies for Effectively Managing Travel Risk. Elsevier Inc.

Tarlow, P. (2016). Tourism in Crisis : Managing the Effects of Terrorism. August 1999. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800104

Trends, T. (2021). 2020 marks the worst year for international arrivals to Europe in over 30 years - ETC Corporate. 2020–2021. https://etc-corporate.org/news/2020-marks-the-worst-year-for-international-arrivals-to-europe-in-over-30-years/

UNWTO. (2020). Tourism Back to 1990 Levels as Arrivals Fall by More than 70%. Covid-19, 34, 33–34. https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-back-to-1990-levels-as-arrivals-fall-by-more-than-70

UNWTO. (2021a). 2020: Worst Year in Tourism History with 1 Billion Fewer International Arrivals. News Release, October 2020, 2020–2021.

UNWTO. (2021b). Covid-19 and Tourism - 2020: a year in review. United Nations World Tourism Organization, January, 19. https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2021-02/UNWTO_PPT.pdf?wZ7RF3MOOt373PCTQ88ptqtxVmnYU6.Q%0Ahttps://www.unwto.org/covid-19-and-tourism-2020

UNWTO. (2022). Tourism enjoys a strong start in 2022 while facing new uncertainties. World Tourism Barometer, 20(2).

UNWTO. (2023a). International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering to 2019 levels in the first quarter. World Tourism Barometer, 21(2).

UNWTO. (2023b). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, September 2023. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer (English version), 21(3), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2023.21.1.3

Villa, J. R., Howell, J. P., Dorfman, P. W., & Daniel, D. L. (2003). Problems with detecting moderators in leadership research using moderated multiple regression. Leadership Quarterly, 14(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00184-4

Vroom, V. H., & Jago, A. G. (1995). Situation effects and levels of analysis in the study of leader participation. Em The Leadership Quarterly (Vol. 6, Número 2, pp. 169–181). Elsevier Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90033-0

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2023). International tourism recovered 63 % of pre-pandemic levels in 2022 , with Europe and the Middle East in the lead. 21(1).

Wu, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2021). Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda. Leadership Quarterly, 32(6), 101518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518

Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0088

Yukl, G., & Gardner, W. L. (2020). Leadership in organizations (9th ed.). Pearson.

Zheng, C., Li, Z., & Wu, J. (2022). Tourism Firms’ Vulnerability to Risk: The Role of Organizational Slack in Performance and Failure. Journal of Travel Research, 61(5), 990–1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211014956

Publicado

2024-07-19

Cómo citar

da Silva, M. J. N., Costa, C. M. M., da Costa Guerra, R. J., de Lemos, F. M. F. ., & Gonçalves, E. C. (2024). Liderazgo en turismo y hostelería en tiempos de crisis: moderadores críticos. PASOS Revista De Turismo Y Patrimonio Cultural, 22(3), 429–443. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2024.22.029