Imágenes de destinos turísticos seguros en los Estados Unidos en manos de afroamericanos

Autores/as

  • Bingjie Liu
  • Lori Pennington Gray
  • Ashley Schroeder

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2013.11.043

Palabras clave:

afroamericano, destino seguro, USA, experiencia pasada, seguridad personal, imagen

Resumen

Garantizar un destino seguro es un factor esencial en la toma de decisiones de los viajeros, así como en el éxito del destino. Las crisis recientes han amenazado las percepciones de seguridad relacionadas con el turismo. En tales circunstancias, se pueden producir imágenes negativas del destino y se pueden alterar las elecciones del mismo. Por lo tanto, comprender el efecto de las percepciones de riesgo en la imagen del destino es una corriente de investigación necesaria. Este estudio examinó las percepciones de seguridad de los viajeros afroamericanos en relación con los tres principales destinos turísticos estatales de los Estados Unidos. Los factores que influyeron en las percepciones de un destino seguro variaron entre los destinos. Sin embargo, la experiencia de viajes anteriores y la percepción de la probabilidad de una crisis relacionada con la salud fueron predictores significativos de las percepciones de un destino seguro.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Bingjie Liu

The authors would like to acknowledge Mandala Research LLC for their continued partnership and collecting the data for this research study. Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management.

Lori Pennington Gray

Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management

Ashley Schroeder

Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management

Citas

American & Lodging Association (n.d.). The power and opportunity of the multicultural market. Retrieved from http://www.ahla.com/uploadedFiles/AHLA/Programs_and_Initiatives/Diversity/Know_the_Facts/Top%20Markets.pdf

Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. 1999 “A model of destination image formation”. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4): 868-897.

Blumer, H. 1966 “Sociological implications of the thought of George Herbert Mead”. The American Journal of Sociology, 71(5): 535-544.

Brownstein, J. 2009, December 07.The top 10 health scares of the decade. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Decade/top-10-health-scares-past-10-years/story?id=924937

Carr, N. 2001 “An exploratory study of gendered differences in young tourists’ perception of danger within London”. Tourism Management, 22(5), 565-570.

Chon, K. S. 1992 “The role of destination image in tourism: An extension”. Tourism Review, 47(1), 2-8.

Cooper, C. R., & Denner, J. 1998 “Theories linking culture and psychology: Universal and community-specific processes”. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 559-584.

Cossens, J., & Gin, S. 1995 “Tourism and AIDS: The perceived risk of HIV infection on destination choice”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 3(4), 1-20.

Covello, V. T., Peters, R. G., Wojtecki, J. G., & Hyde, R. C. 2001 “Risk communication, the West Nile virus epidemic, and bioterrorism: Responding to the communication challenges posed by the intentional or unintentional release of a pathogen in an urban setting”. Journal of Urban Health, 78(2), 382-391.

Crompton, J. L. 1979 “An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image”. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18-23.

Crotty, M. 1998 The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. SAGE Publications Limited, 1998.

Demos, E. 1992 “Concern for safety: A potential problem in the tourist industry”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 1(1), 81-88.

Dolnicar, S. 2005 “Understanding barriers to leisure travel: Tourist fears as a marketing basis”. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(3), 197-208.

Donaldson, R., & Ferreira, S. 2009, February “(Re-) creating urban destination image: Opinions of foreign visitors to South Africa on safety and security?”. Urban Forum 20(1): 1-18). Springer: Netherlands

Dosman, D. M., Adamowicz, W. L., & Hurdey, S. E. 2001 “Socioeconomic determinants of Health and food safety related risk perceptions”. Risk Analysis, 21(2): 307-318.

Elliott, J. R., & Pais, J. 2006 “Race, class, and Hurricane Katrina: Social differences in human responses to disaster”. Social Science Research, 35(2): 295-321.

Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. 1991 “Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley”. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2): 10-16.

Floyd, M. F., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. 2004 “The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(2-3): 19-38.

Floyd, M. F., & Pennington-Gray, L. 2004 “Profiling risk perceptions of tourists”. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4): 1051-1054.

Fothergill, A., Maestas, E., & Darlington, J.D. 1999 “Race, ethnicity and disasters in the United States: A review of the literature”. Disasters, 23(2): 156-173.

Gartner, W. C. 1994 “Image formation process”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3): 191-216.

Gibson, H., & Yiannakis, A. 2002 “Tourist roles: Needs and the lifecourse”. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2): 358-383

Goffman, E. 1974 Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organisation of Experience. New York: Harper and Row.

Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. 1998 Multivariate data analysis, 5th. NY: Prentice Hall International.

Henderson, J. C. 2004 “Managing a health-related crisis: SARS in Singapore”. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(1): 67-77.

Humphreys, J. M. 2013 “Black buying power continues to rise”. Retrieved from http://www.reachingblack-consumers.com/2012/04/black-buying-power-continues-to-rise/

Jonas, A., Mansfeld, Y., Paz, S., & Potasman, I. 2011 “Determinants of health risk perception among low-risk-taking tourists traveling to developing countries”. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1): 87-99.

Kim, A. K., & Brown, G. 2012 “Understanding the relationships between perceived travel experiences, overall satisfaction, and destination loyalty”. Anatolia, 23(3): 328-347.

Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. 2007 “The impact of the perception of risk on international travelers”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4): 233-242.

Krewski, D., Lemyre, L., Turner, M. C., Lee, J. E., Dallaire, C., Bouchard, L., & Mercier, P. 2006 “Public perception of population health risks in Canada: Health hazards and sources of information”. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 12(4): 626-644.

Kuo, H. I., Chen, C. C., Tseng, W. C., Ju, L. F., & Huang, B. W. 2008 “Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia”. Tourism Management, 29(5): 917-928

Law, R. 2006 “The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4): 289-300.

Lepp, A., & Gibson H. 2003 “Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3): 606-624.

Lindell, M. K., & Hwang, S. N. 2008 “Households’ perceived personal risk and responses in a multihazard environment”. Risk Analysis, 28(2): 539-556.

Lindell, M.K. & Perry, R.W. 2004 Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Mao, C. K., Ding, C. G., & Lee, H. Y. 2010 “Post-SARS tourist arrival recovery patterns: An analysis based on a catastrophe theory”. Tourism Management, 31(6): 855-861.

Maslow, A. H. 2004 “The over-reaction to SARS and the collapse of Asian tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3): 716-719.

Matyas, C., Srinivasan, S., Cahyanto, I., Thapa, B., Pennington-Gray, L., & Villegas, J. 2011 “Risk perception and evacuation decisions of Florida tourists under hurricane threats: A stated preference analysis”. Natural Hazards, 59(2): 871-890.

Mazursky, D. 1989 “Past experience and future tourism decisions”. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(3): 333-344.

McComas, K. A. 2006 “Defining moments in risk communication research: 1996-2005”. Journal of Health Communication, 11(1): 75-91.

McKercher, B., & Chon, K. 2004 “The over-reaction to SARS and the collapse of Asian tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3): 716-719.

Milman, A., & Pizam, A. 1995 “The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination: The central Florida case”. Journal of Travel Research, 33(3): 21-27

Nielson 2011 Reporting the power of the African-American consumer. Retrieved from http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2011/report-the-power-of-the-african-american-consumer.html/

Office of Travel and Tourism Industries 2012 Overseas visitation estimates for U.S. states, cities, and census regions: 2011. Retrieved from http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/2011_States_and_Cities.pdf /

Page, S., Yeoman, I., Munro, C., Connell, J., & Walker, L. 2006 “A case study of best practice- Visit Scotland’s prepared response to an influenza pandemic”. Tourism Management, 27(3): 361-393.

Palmer, C. 2003 “Risk perception: Another look at the ‘white male’ effect”. Health, Risk & Society, 5(1): 71-83.

Pearce, P. L. 1988 The Ulysses factor: Evaluating visitors in tourist settings (pp. 24-36). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Pennington-Gray, L., London, B., Cahyanto, I., & Klages, W. 2011 “Expanding the tourism crisis management planning framework to include social media: Lessons from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 2010”. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology, 1(3): 239-253.

Pennington-Gray, L., Kaplanidou, K., & Schroeder, A. 2013 Drivers of social media use among African Americans in the event of a crisis. Natural Hazards, 66(1): 77-95.

Petersen, A. 1997 Risk, governance and the new public health. Foucault, health and medicine, 189-206

Pizam, A., Jeong, G. H., Reichel, A., van Boemmel, H., Lusson, J. M., Steynberg, L., ... & Montmany, N. 2004 “The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking, and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross-cultural study”. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3): 251-260.

Quinn, S. C., Thomas, T., & McAllister, C. 2005 “Postal workers’ perspectives on communication during the anthrax attack”. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 3(3): 207-215.

Reisinger, Y. & Mavondo, F. 2005 “Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: implications of travel risk perception”. Journal of Travel Research, 43: 212-225.

Richter, L. K. 2003 “International tourism and its global public health consequences”. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4): 340-347.

Ritchie, B. W. 2004 “Chaos, crises and disasters: A strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry”. Tourism Management, 25(6): 669-683.

Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. 2009 “Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand”. Tourism Management, 30(3): 410-418.

Roehl, W. S., & Fesenmaier, D. R. 1992 “Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis”. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4): 17-26.

Pidgeon, N., Kasperson, R. E., & Slovic, P. Eds.). 2003 The social amplification of risk. Cambridge University Press.

Ryan, C. 1998 “The travel career ladder: An appraisal”. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(4): 936-957.

Saunders, D. J. (n.d.). Will Africa become the tourism destination of the future for African-American travelers and investors? Retrieved from http://www.africata.org/african_americans.html

Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., Donohoe, H., & Kiousis, S. 2013 “Using social media in times of crisis”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1-2): 126-143.

Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., Kaplanidou, K., & Zhan, F. 2013 “Destination risk perceptions among US residents for London as the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games”. Tourism Management, 38: 107-119.

Sjöberg, L. 2002 “Factors in risk perception”. Risk Analysis, 20(1): 1-12.

Oltedal, S., Moen, B. E., Klempe, H., & Rundmo, T. 2004 “Explaining risk perception: An evaluation of cultural theory”. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 85:1-33.

Slovic, P. 1987 “Perception of Risk”. Paul Science, New Series, 236(4): 280-285

Slovic, P., & Weber, E. U. 2002 Perception of risk posed by extreme events. In discussion at the conference” Risk management strategies is an uncertain world,” Palisades, New York.

Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. 1998a “Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions”. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1): 112-144

Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. 1998b “Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety”. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2): 171-177.

Sönmez, S., & Sirakaya, E. 2002 “A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey”. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2): 185-196.

Tsaur, S. H., Tzeng, G. H., & Wang, K. C. 1997 “Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives”. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4): 796-812.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2012 Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/US Travel Association 2011 U.S. Travel Answer Sheet. Retrieved from www.ustravel.org/sites/default/files/page/.../USTravelAnswerSheet.pdf/

Weinstein, N. D. 1987 “Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions from a community-wide sample”. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10(5): 481-500.

Publicado

2013-07-03

Cómo citar

Liu, B., Pennington Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2013). Imágenes de destinos turísticos seguros en los Estados Unidos en manos de afroamericanos. PASOS Revista De Turismo Y Patrimonio Cultural, 11(3), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2013.11.043