Diagnosing Tourism Development Priorities in Samota, Indonesia: A Four-Pillar (4A) Principal Component Analysis Approach

Rudi Masniadi Masniadi; Maryunani Maryunani; Dwi Budi  Santoso; Faishal  Fadli

doi:10.25145/j.pasos.2026.24.066

Autores

Rudi Masniadi Masniadi Universitas Brawijaya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6513-1819
Maryunani Maryunani Universitas Brawijaya
Dwi Budi Santoso Universitas Brawijaya
Faishal Fadli Universitas Brawijaya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9478-0316

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2026.24.066

Palavras-chave:

desenvolvimento turístico, competitividade do destino, quatro pilares (4A), análise de componentes principais (ACP), destinos emergentes

Resumo

Samota, um destino emergente na ilha de Sumbawa, Indonésia, foi designada área turística estratégica para estimular o crescimento económico local; contudo, o desenvolvimento permanece fragmentado entre os componentes fundamentais do destino. Este estudo avalia as perspectivas de desenvolvimento de Samota com base nos quatro pilares do desenvolvimento turístico — atrações, acessibilidade, amenidades e serviços de apoio —, a partir de um inquérito aplicado a 179 turistas, empresas turísticas e gestores do destino. Recorre-se à análise de componentes principais (ACP) para identificar a estrutura latente dos pilares e a sua força relativa. Os resultados classificam Samota numa categoria de perspetiva condicional: todos os pilares apresentam potencial de desenvolvimento, mas a fraca integração entre eles limita a vantagem competitiva. As pontuações por componente indicam que o fortalecimento das amenidades constitui a prioridade mais urgente, seguido da melhoria da qualidade da acessibilidade, do reforço dos serviços de apoio e da consolidação e articulação das atrações existentes em produtos coerentes. Os resultados fundamentam um roteiro faseado e orientado para a integração, destinado a destinos emergentes que buscam competitividade e impacto económico local sustentável.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

##plugins.generic.pfl.publicationFactsTitle##

##plugins.generic.pfl.thisArticle##

##plugins.generic.pfl.otherArticles##

##plugins.generic.pfl.peerReviewers##

##plugins.generic.pfl.numPeerReviewers##

##plugins.generic.pfl.averagePeerReviewers##

##plugins.generic.pfl.reviewerProfiles## Indisp.

##plugins.generic.pfl.authorStatements##

##plugins.generic.pfl.dataAvailability##

##plugins.generic.pfl.dataAvailability.unsupported##

##plugins.generic.pfl.averagePercentYes##

##plugins.generic.pfl.funders##

##plugins.generic.pfl.funders.no##

##plugins.generic.pfl.numHaveFunders##

##plugins.generic.pfl.competingInterests##

Indisp.

##plugins.generic.pfl.averagePercentYes##

##plugins.generic.pfl.forThisJournal##

##plugins.generic.pfl.otherJournals##

##plugins.generic.pfl.articlesAccepted##

##plugins.generic.pfl.numArticlesAccepted##

##plugins.generic.pfl.numArticlesAcceptedShort##

##plugins.generic.pfl.daysToPublication##

##plugins.generic.pfl.numDaysToPublication##

145

##plugins.generic.pfl.indexedIn##

##plugins.generic.pfl.indexedList##

##plugins.generic.pfl.editorAndBoard##: ##plugins.generic.pfl.profiles##
##plugins.generic.pfl.academicSociety##: PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural
##plugins.generic.pfl.publisher##: Instituto Universitario de Investigación Social y Turismo. Universidad de La Laguna (España) - Instituto Universitario da Maia ISMAI (Portugal)

Referências

Ahmad, N., Sinaii, N., Panahi, S., Bagereka, P., Serna-Tamayo, C., Shnayder, S., Ameli, R., & Berger, A. (2022). The FACIT-Sp spiritual wellbeing scale: a factor analysis in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illnesses. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 11(12), 3663–3673. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-22-692

Ahmed, H., & Riaz, H. (2024). The potential of accessible tourism for sustainable development of local communities in northern Pakistan. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 20(3), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.7341/20242036

Akbar, P. N. G., Auliya, A., Pranita, D., & Oktadiana, H. (2024). The readiness assessment of Jakarta as a smart tourism city. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2364386

Assaf, A. G., Atkinson, S. E., & Tsionas, M. G. (2020). Endogeneity in multiple output production: Evidence from the US hotel industry. Tourism Management, 80, 104124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104124

Bagaihing, M., Mantolas, C. M., Sanam, S. R., & Murni, K. L. (2022). Cultural Preservation of Tenun Ikat in Sustainable Tourism Perspective for iGeneration in Tourism Department of Politeknik Negeri Kupang. Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science 2022 (ICAST-SS 2022), 311–314. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-83-1_56

Bhatt, K., Seabra, C., Kumar, J., Ashutosh, K., & Kumar Kabia, S. (2024). Tourism-Led Inclusive Growth in Emerging and Developing Economies: A Systematic Literature Review. SAGE Open, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241252516

Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21(1), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00095-3

Cheng, T. E., Li, S., Zhang, H., & Cao, M. (2021). Examining the Antecedents of Environmentally Responsible Behaviour: Relationships among Service Quality, Place Attachment and Environmentally Responsible Behaviour. Sustainability, 13(18), 10297. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810297

Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1999). Tourism, Competitiveness, and Societal Prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3

Díaz-Padilla, V. T., Travar, I., Acosta-Rubio, Z., & Parra-López, E. (2023). Tourism Competitiveness versus Sustainability: Impact on the World Economic Forum Model Using the Rasch Methodology. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813700

Dumitrașcu, A. V., Teodorescu, C., & Cioclu, A. (2023). Accessibility and Tourist Satisfaction—Influencing Factors for Tourism in Dobrogea, Romania. Sustainability, 15(9), 7525. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097525

Evloeva, A. (2024). Research on the concept of tourist attractiveness. Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality, 4(1).

Gatto, R. V., Cserpes, B., & Noennig, J. R. (2025). Geospatial Attractiveness Evaluation for Tourism Destination Area Analysis. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2025 Workshops, 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97663-6_37

González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernández, M. C., & Pulido-Pavón, N. (2023). Tourist destination competitiveness: An international approach through the travel and tourism competitiveness index. Tourism Management Perspectives, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101127

Hadiwijaya, H., Yustini, T., & Annisa, M. L. (2025). Effect of destination image, amenities on revisit intention with visitor satisfaction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 6(3), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v6i3.2173

Hailuddin, Suryatni, M., & Irwan, M. (2024). Rural Economic Development Strategy through Village Tourism Development with the Exploitation of Local Potential (Empirical Study in Kebon Ayu Village, West Lombok). Journal of Economics, Finance And Management Studies, 07(10). https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v7-i10-28

Halawa, K., & Listyorini, H. (2025). Provision and Development of Tourism Amenities in the Context of Tourist Comfort and Sustainability in Economic, Socio-Cultural and Environmental Identity of Tourism Villages. Journal of Tourism Economics and Policy, 5(3), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.38142/jtep.v5i3.1347

Harisdani, D. D., & Simalango, A. B. (2023). Redesign Hotel Resort with Regionalism Architecture Approach In Lumban Pea Integrated Tourism Area Development Masterplan. International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 7(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v7i1.11688

Henríquez, C. S., Cano, A. J. R., Galán, J. H., & Robles, Y. M. de la F. (2022). The past, present, and future of accessible tourism research A bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database. Journal of Accessibility and Design for All, 12(01).

Hesna, Y., Helmi, H., Suraji, A., & Lenggogeni, S. (2023). The Role of Tourism Infrastructure in Tourism Development: A Literature Review. Journal of Infrastructure & Facility Asset Management, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.12962/jifam.v5i1.20526

Hubner, I. B., Pramono, R., Bernedeta Sitorus, N., & Lemy, D. M. (2022). Implementation of the Four Pillars of Sustainable Tourism Destinations in the Tourism Village of Kampung Keranggan, South Tangerang. BIRCI Journal, 5(1), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i1.3639

Iamtrakul, P., Chayphong, S., Seo, D., & Trinh, T. A. (2025). Promoting accessibility for sustainable tourism: a spatial analysis of tourist attractions and public transportation networks in Bangkok. City, Territory and Architecture, 12(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-025-00266-8

Ikasari, H. (2021). Strategies to Improve the Attractiveness of Sam Poo Kong Temple As Cultural Tourism Site of Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 9(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jitode.2021.009.01.01

Ismadi, I., & Suwitho, S. (2024). The effect of tourism attraction and tourist experience on revisit intention mediated by tourist satisfaction (a study at mount bromo tourist destination, east java). International Conference of Business and Social Sciences, 3(1), 474–486. https://doi.org/10.24034/icobuss.v3i1.401

Jolliffe, I. T., & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2065), 20150202. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202

Karim, R., Latip, N. A., Marzuki, A., Shah, A., & Muhammad, F. (2021). Impact of Supply Components-4As on Tourism Development: Case of Central Karakoram National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 9(1), 411–424.

Korbiel, K., Gmyrek, K., & Kruczek, Z. (2025). A Review of Research on Inclusive Tourism: Clusters of Thematic Links and Research Gaps. Sustainability, 17(14), 6521. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146521

Liu, C.-Y., Li, C.-P., Chen, C.-C., Hsu, C.-H., & Lin, C.-H. (2023). Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage Show: Exploring the Sustainable Development of Taiwan’s Religious Tourism from the Perspectives of Attraction, Happiness, and Revisit Intention. Sustainability, 15(11), 8744. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118744

Liu, H., Zhang, J., Jia, Z., & Yan, H. (2025). The impact of amenities in rural bed and breakfasts on tourists’ emotional experience and behavioral intentions: Perspectives from amenity theory. Acta Psychologica, 254, 104828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104828

Masiero, L., & Hrankai, R. (2022). Modeling tourist accessibility to peripheral attractions. Annals of Tourism Research, 92, 103343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103343

Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2024). Principal component analysis for constructing socio-economic composite indicators: theoretical and empirical considerations. SN Social Sciences, 4(6), 114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-024-00920-x

Morrison, A. M., Cheah, J.-H. (Jacky), & Kumar, R. (2025). A destination performance measurement framework: exploring the relationships among performance criteria and revisit intentions. Current Issues in Tourism, 28(5), 773–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2024.2309149

Mosha, N. F., & Ngulube, P. (2023). The utilisation of open research data repositories for storing and sharing research data in higher learning institutions in Tanzania. Library Management, 44(8/9), 566–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-05-2023-0042

Mustafa, H. A., Ismael, G. A., & Hassan, A. R. (2021). The Role of Tour Guides in Developing Tourism Sector: From Managers Perspectives of Travel and Tourism Companies Operating in Erbil. 2020 International Conference on Resources Management, 79–96. https://doi.org/10.14500/icrm2020.Gen293

Nazaruddin, Thamrina, S., Yani, A., Chalirafi, & Alfiady, T. (2023). Sustainability Tourism Of Management Object. Proceedings of International Conference on Social Science, Political Science, and Humanities (ICoSPOLHUM), 3, 00041. https://doi.org/10.29103/icospolhum.v3i.236

Ngarbingan, H. K., Lanisy, N. A., & Akbara, A. Z. (2023). The Potential Development of Karang Tawulan Beach as a Tourism Destination in Tasikmalaya Regency. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management, 8(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v8i1.2054

Panagiotopoulou, P., & Skoultsos, S. (2025). Stakeholders’ Involvement in Sustainable Destination Management: A Systematic Literature Review of Existing Multi-Stakeholder Frameworks and Approaches. Tourism and Hospitality, 6(5), 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6050250

Papečkys, S., & Jasinskas, E. (2024). Tourism destination sustainability: The systematic literature review. Smart Tourism, 5(1), 2484. https://doi.org/10.54517/st.v5i1.2484

Pasuhuk, L. S., & Mandagi, D. W. (2025). Key Drivers Of Sustainable Tourism Destination Attractiveness. Management Studies and Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(3), 2644–2660.

Platov, A. V., Novichkova, I. A., Litvinova, O. I., & Khoreeva, N. K. (2022). Impression management in tourism. Research Result Business and Service Technologies, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.18413/2408-9346-2022-8-4-0-4

Putra, F. K. K., & Ucu Rakhman, C. (2024). Do Attractions ‘Attract’ Tourists? A Comparative Study Four Destinations Using Travel Career Pattern (TCP) and Tourism Product Taxonomy. ASEAN Journal on Hospitality and Tourism, 22(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.5614/ajht.2024.22.3.02

Qin, X., Meng, F., Meitner, M., & Ni, A. (2021). Visual Evaluation of Regional Tourism Attractiveness Based On Transportation: a GIS Quantitative Analysis Method. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-850252/v1

Reinhold, S., Beritelli, P., & Laesser, C. (2023). The 2022 consensus on advances in destination management. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 29, 100797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100797

Rizaldi, A. S., Rumanti, A. A., & Andrawina, L. (2024). Sustainable Tourism Industry in Indonesia through Mapping Natural Tourism Potential: Taxonomy Approach. Sustainability, 16(10), 4201. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104201

Scalabrini, E. C. B., & Remoaldo, P. C. (2024). Principal Component Analysis in Tourism. In Encyclopedia of Tourism (pp. 1–2). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_580-3

Simorangkir, C. O., Ramadhan, G., Sukran, M. A., & Manalu, T. (2024). Tourism Development Impact on Economic Growth and Poverty Alleviation in West Java. Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kepariwisataan Indonesia, 18(2), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.47608/jki.v18i22024.175-196

Sirkis, G., Regalado-Pezúa, O., Carvache-Franco, O., & Carvache-Franco, W. (2022). The Determining Factors of Attractiveness in Urban Tourism: A Study in Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Bogota, and Lima. Sustainability, 14(11), 6900. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116900

Soeswoyo, D. M., Putu Swasti Asparini Syahrijati, Dimas Aryo Baskoro, Damas Aryo Anggoro, & Mega Jayanti Sutisna. (2022). Tourism Components Analysis and Sustainable Rural Tourism Development Planning Based on Culture and Agriculture in Indonesia (Case Study: Cimande Village). East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(6), 1129–1146. https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v1i6.752

Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population Research: Convenience Sampling Strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000649

Sun, Z., Liu, L., Pan, R., Wang, Y., & Zhang, B. (2025). Tourism and economic growth: The role of institutional quality. International Review of Economics and Finance, 98, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.103913

Sutedja, J., & Pramono, R. (2024). The Influence of Monas Tourism Amenities and Accessibility Services on Senior-Friendly Tourism in Jakarta. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(8), 3170–3179. https://doi.org/10.59141/jist.v5i8.1280

UNESCO. (n.d.). Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB): SAMOTA. Https://Www.Unesco.Org/En/Mab/Samota?Utm_source=chatgpt.Com.

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2019). UNWTO Guidelines for Institutional Strengthening of Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) – Preparing DMOs for new challenges. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420841

Uula, M. M., Maulida, S., & Rusydiana, A. S. (2023). Tourism Sector Development and Economic Growth in OIC Countries Uula et al., Tourism Sector Development and Economic Growth in OIC Countries. Halal Tourism and Primage, 3(1), 1–13. https://journals.smartinsight.id/index.php/HTP/article/view/343/321

World Bank Group. (2022). Destination management handbook. The World Bank Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099451003012313859/pdf/IDU07402ad17053a5043c909eb80cd040870838c.pdf

Xu, J., & Wang, P. (2022). Study on distribution characteristic of tourism attractions in international cultural tourism demonstration region in South Anhui in China. PLOS ONE, 17(6), e0269948. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269948

Y. Yuliana, A.M. Ningsih, V. Kristiana, A.P. Maharani, & C. Syahni. (2025). Sustainability of natural tourism attraction and satisfaction . Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management (GJESM), 11(3), 1185–1198.

Yen, H.-P., Chen, P.-C., & Ho, K.-C. (2021). Analyzing Destination Accessibility From the Perspective of Efficiency Among Tourism Origin Countries. Sage Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211005752

Zebua, M., Narimawati, U., & Juju, U. (2025). Analyzing the Impact of Attractions, Accessibility, and Facilities on Customer Value in Tourism Destinations. Almana : Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 9(2), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.36555/almana.v9i2.2863

Zou, Y., & Yu, Q. (2022). Sense of safety toward tourism destinations: A social constructivist perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 24, 100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100708