Psychosocial factors and image formation in urban tourism: a case study on Madrid
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2006.04.020Keywords:
Tourism, Motivation, Image-destination, Psychosocial factorsAbstract
This paper aims to analyse the influence of psychosocial factors on image-destination, using for this purpose the case of Madrid. We have used two different samples with 1200 and 2000 visitors respectively, to whom we have applied two questionnaires –in relevant city tourist settings-. With this questionnaire we aimed to measure the following variables in relation with the visit in Madrid: socio demographic information; stay characteristics (such as type of accommodation, stay duration, visiting frequency); primary and secondary motivation; level of satisfaction in relation to several services and destination image (measured trough a five intervals Likert’s scale with 15 items about infrastructures and services, cultural and leisure offer, host characteristics, etc.). We have calculated independent contrasts between variables related to travel characteristics and sociodemographic and psychosocial ones. Fur- thermore we have contrasted, through regression analysis, the influence of all these variables on the image of Madrid.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, Z.U. 1991 “The Influence of the Components of a State’s Tourist Image on Product Positioning Strategery”. Tourism Mangement, 12: 331-340.
Baloglu S. y McCleary K.W. 1999 “A model of destination imagen formation”, Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (1): 868-897.
Baloglu, S. 1997 “The Relationship between Destination Images and Sociodemographi and Trip Characteristics of International Travelers”. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 3: 221-233.
Baloglu, S. y Brinberg, D. 1997 “Affective Images of Tourism Destinations”. Journal of Tourism Research, 35 (4): 11-15.
Baloglu, S. 1998 “An Empirical Investigation of Attitude Theory for Tourism Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors and Non- visitors”. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 22: 221-224.
Burkart, A.J. y Medlik, S. 1974 1981 (2ª ed.). Tourism: Past, Present and Future. Aix-en-Provence: Les Cahiers du Tourisme.
Castaño, J.M.; Saez, A; García, S. y Crego, A. 2003. “Aproximación psicosocial a la motivación turística”. Revista de Estudios Turísticos (Instituto de Estudios Turísticos), 158: 5-43.
Chon, K. 1990. “Traveler Destination Image. Modification Process and its Marketing im- plications”. Developments in Marketing Science, 13: 480-482.
Crompton, J. 1990. “Structure of vacation destination choice sets”. Annals of Tourism Re- search, 17 (3): 420-435.
Crompton, J. 1979a. “An assesment of the Image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image”. Journal of Travel Research,17: 18-23.
Crompton, J. y Ankomah, P. K. 1993. “Choice set propositions in destination decisions”. Annals of Tourism Research, 20 (3): 461-476.
Crompton, J.L. 1979b. “Motivations for pleasure vacation”. Annals of Tourism Research, 6: 408-424.
Dann, G. M. S. 1977. “Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research. 4: 184-194.
Dann, G. M. S. 1996. “Tourist Images of a Destination: An alternative analysis”. En Fesen- maier, D.R. O’Leary, J. T. y Uysal, M. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Tourism Marketing Research (pp. 41-55). Neyw York: The Haworth Press.
Dann, G. M. S. 1983. “Comment on Iso-Ahola’s Toward a Social Psychological Theory of Tourism Motivation”. Annals of Tourism Research, 10: 273-276.
Dann, G. M. S. 1981. “Tourist Motivation: An appraisal”. Annals of Tourism Research, 8:187-219.
Echner, C.M. y Ritchie, B.1993. “The measurement of Destination Imagen: An empirical assessment”. Journal of Travel Research, 31 (4): 3-13.
Fakeye, P.C. y Crompton, J.L. 1991. “Image differences between Pro- spective, First-Time, and epeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley”. Journal of Travel Research, 30 (2): 10-16.
Fisk, G. 1961-1962. “A Conceptual Model for Studying Consumer Image”. Journal of Travel Research, 37 (4): 1-8.Friedgen, J.D. (1987). Use of cognitive maps to determine perceived tourism regions. Leisure Sciences, 9, 101-117.
Gartner, W. 1993. “Image Formation Process”. Jour- nal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2: 191-216.
Goodall, B. 1990. “How tourists choose their holidays : An Analytical Framework”. En Goodall, B, y Ashworth, G. (Eds.), Marketing in the toruism industry: The Promotion of Destination Regions (pp. 1-17). London: Routledge.
Goodrich, J. N. 1978. “The Relationship between preferences for an perceptions of vacation Destination”. Journal of Travel Research, 17 (2): 8-13.
Grönroos , C. 1978. “A Service Oriented Approach to Marketing of Services”. European Journal of Marketing, 12 (3): 588-601.
Gunn, C. 1972. Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. Austin: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas. Hanyu, K. 1993. “The affective meaning of Tokyo: Verbal and Nonverbal Approaches”. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13: 161-172.
Holbrook, M-B. 1978. “Beyond attitude structure: Toward the informational determinants of attitude”. Journal of Marketing Research, 15 (Nov): 545-556.
Hughes, K. 1991. “Tourist satisfaction: A guided ‘cultural’ tour in North Queensland”. Australian Psychologist, 26: 166-171.
Hunt, J.D. 1975. “Image as a Factor in Tourism Development”. Journal of Travel Re- search, 13 (3): 1-7.
Husbands, W. 1989. “Social status and perception of tourism in Zambia”. Annals of Tour- ism Research, 16 (2): 237-253.
Iso-Ahola, S.E. 1982. “Toward a Social Psychological Theory of Tourism Motivation: A Re- joinder”. Annals of Tourism Research, 9: 256-262
MaKay, K. J. y Fesemaier, D.R. 1997. “Pictorial Element of Destination in Image Formation”. Annals of Tourism Research, 24: 537-565.
Maslow, A. H. 1954, 1991. Motivación y Personalidad. Madrid: Ediciones Díaz Santos.
Mayo, E.J. 1973. “Regional images and regional travel destination”. En Procedings of the fourth annual Conference of Travel and Tourism Research Association (pp. 211-217). Salt Lake City UT : TTRA
Mayo, E.J. y Jarvis, L.P. 1981. The Psychology of Leisure Travel. Boston: CBI. Mercer, D. 1971. “The role of perception in the recreation experience: A review and Discussion”. Journal of Leisure Research, 3: 261-276.
Mill, R. C.y Morrison, A.M. 1992. The Tourist System: An introductory text. Englewood NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Milman, A. y Pizam, A. 1995. “The roe of awareness and familiarity with a destination: The Central Florida Case”. Journal of Tourism Re- search, 33 (3): 21-27.
Moutinho, L. 1987. “Consumer Behavior in Tourism”. European Journal of Marketing, 21 (10): 5-44.
Nickel, P. y Wertheimer, A.I. 1979. „Factors affecting consunmers’ images and choices of Drugstores”. Journal of Retailing, 55 (2): 71-78.
Oliver, R.L. y Swan, J. 1989a. “Consumer perceptions of inter- personal equity and satisfaction in transactions: a field survey approach”,
Journal of Marketing, 53: 21-35. Oliver, R.L. y Swan, J. 1989b. “Equity and disconfirmation perceptions as influences on merchant and product satisfaction”, Journal of Marketing, 16: 372-383.
Pearce, P.L. 1982a. “Perceived changes in holiday destinations”. Annals of Tourism Re- search, 9: 145-164.
Pearce, P.L. (1995a). Pleasure travel motivation. En McIntosh, R.W.; Goeldner, C.R. y Brent Ritchie, J.R. (Eds.), Tourism: Principles, Philosophics (7ª ed.) (pp.167-178). New York: Wiley.
Pearce, P. L y Caltabiano, M. 1983. “Inferring Travel Motivation from Travelers’ Experiences”. Journal of Travel Research, 22 (1): 16-20.
Pearce, P.L., y Caltabiano, N. J. 1982. “Gesture decoding and encoding in children: The effects of ethnicity, age and sex”. Australian Journal of Psychology, 34: 17-24.
Ross, E. D. e Iso-Ahola, S. E. 1991. “Sighseeing tourist’s motivation and satisfaction”. Annals of Tourism Research, 18: 226-238.
Ross, G. F. 1993. “Destination evaluation and vacation preferences”. Annals of Tourism Research, 20 (3): 477-489.
Sheth, J.N. 1983. “An Integrative Theory of patron- age preference and behavior”. En Dar- den, W. R. y Lusch, R.F. (Eds.), Patronage Behavior and retail Management, New York: Elsevier Science.
Stabler, M.J. 1990. “The image of destination regions: Theoretical and empirical aspects”. En Goodall, B. y Ashworth, G. (Eds.), Marketing in the tourism industry: The promotion of destination regions (pp. 133-161). London: Routledge.
Stern, E. y Krakover, S. 1993. “The formation of a composite urban image”. Geographical Analysis, 25 (2): 130-146.
Um, S. 1993. “Pleasure travel destination choice”. En Khan, M.; Olsen, M. y Var, T: (Eds.), VNR’s Enciclopedia of Hospitality and tourism (pp. 811-821). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Um, S. y Crompton, J.L. 1990. « Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice”. Annals of Tourism Research, 17: 432-448.
Uysal, M. y Hagan, L.A.R. 1993. “Motivation and pleasure travel and tourism”. En Khan, M.; Olsen, M. y Var, T (Eds.), VNR’s Encyclopedia of Hospitality and Tourism (pp. 798-810). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Varela, J. 1991. “Satisfacción/insatisfacción de los consumidores y comportamientos post- consumo derivados”, Estudios sobre consumo, 23: 65-78.
Walmsley, D. J.y Jenkins, J. M. 1993. “Appraisive images of tourist areas: application of personal construct”. Australian Geographer, 24 (2): 1-13.
Woodside, A.G. y Lysonski, S. 1989. “A general Model of traveller destination choice”. Journal of Travel Research, 27 (4): 8-14.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
I confirm that the work is original (of my/our authorship), and that it will not be submitted to other journals or publications until the final resolution of the review process in PASOS, RTPC.
I authorize the publication of my work by PASOS, PSTN of free and open access in any of the formats that I deem appropriate, for an indefinite period of time and as a non-remunerated collaboration.
Likewise, the author(s) understands that the published work may be linked or deposited on any server or included in other publications (republication), provided that the new place and/or new edition references the original publication and acknowledges the authorship and copyright ownership of PASOS RTPC publications.
Authors understand that a plagiarism-self-plagiarism check will be performed, and the article may be removed at any time from the editorial flow.