The accessibility in etourism: a study from the perpespective of people with specific needs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2019.17.050Keywords:
Accessibility, eTourism, Digital marketing, Tourism to people with special needs, WCAGAbstract
Web pages are currently the new face of any Tourism organization. They represent the entrance door for new consumers. For this reason, there is a constant concern in creating accessible digital tools that could promote the institution, disclose its tourism offer and favor consumption. Thus, using digital tools in Tourism and, more concretely, in Tourism focused to people with special needs, is of great significance, in order to inform potential consumers of a tourism service accessible to all. The way the organizations make use of digital platforms, and more specifically hotels groups and management bodies, reveals that WCAG accessibility guiding lines are not followed, being still a long way to go before a universal accessible tourism can be effective. To do so, there might be a more rigorous compromise from the sector’s regulatory authorities. The present study strongly suggests how are neglected the questions linked to accessibility in eTourism, this area deserving deeper insights. Indeed, incorporating accessibility in Web would stimulate the attraction of new markets and projects of higher quality, in addition to favoring a social and gathering gain. The results show that some organizations do not meet the minimum requirements of the accessibility guidelines, which is apparently not a priority. The web pages of these organizations expose barriers that prevent digital inclusion.
Downloads
References
Alexandre, D. 2012. O Turismo para Todos na oferta hoteleira de Lisboa: um custo ou um investimento? Dissertação de mestrado. Estoril: Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril.
Alles, M. 2009. Turismo accesible: importancia de la accesibilidad para el sector turístico. Entelequia: revista interdisciplinar, 9, p. 211-224.
Altinay, Z., Saner, T., Bahçelerli, N., & Altinay, F. 2016. The role of social media tools: Accessible tourism for disabled citizens. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 19 (1), p. 89-99.
Assembleia da República 2009. Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência. Resolução da Assembleia da República n.º 56/2009. Diário da República n.º 146/2009, Série I de 30 de julho. Consultado a 14 de outubro de2017 de https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/493187/details/maximized.
Beck, U. 1991. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage Publications.
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21 (1), p. 97-116.
Buhalis, D., & Law, R. 2008. Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after theInternet - The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29, p. 609-623. Buhalis, D., & Michopoulou, E. 2011. Information-enabled tourism destination marketing: addressing the accessibility market. Current Issues in Tourism, 14 (2), p. 145-168.
Buhalis, D., Darcy, S., & Ambrose, I. 2012. Best practice in accessible tourism: Inclusion, disability, ageing population and tourism, 53. Channel View Publications.
Buhalis, D., Eichhorn, V., Michopoulou, E., & Miller, G. 2005. Accessibility market and stakeholder analysis. University of Surrey y One Stop Shop for Accessible Tourism in Europe (OSSATE). Buhalis, D., Leung, D., & Law, R. 2011. eTourism: Critical information and communication technologies for tourism destinations. Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications, p. 205-224.
Castro, C. 2017. A Comunicação do Turismo Acessível: Um Estudo sobre as Atrações Turísticas da Cidade do Porto. Dissertação de mestrado. Porto: Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto. Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F., Johnston, K. & Mayer, R. 2006. Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice (3rd Ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
ComAcesso Alexandre, D. 2012. O Turismo para Todos na oferta hoteleira de Lisboa: um custo ou um investimento? Dissertação de mestrado. Estoril: Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril.
Alles, M. 2009. Turismo accesible: importancia de la accesibilidad para el sector turístico. Entelequia: revista interdisciplinar, 9, p. 211-224.
Altinay, Z., Saner, T., Bahçelerli, N., & Altinay, F. 2016. The role of social media tools: Accessible tourism for disabled citizens. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 19 (1), p. 89-99.
Assembleia da República 2009. Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência. Resolução da Assembleia da República n.º 56/2009. Diário da República n.º 146/2009, Série I de 30 de julho. Consultado a 14 de outubro de 2017 de https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/493187/details/maximized. Beck, U.
Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage Publications.
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21 (1), p. 97-116.
Buhalis, D., & Law, R. 2008. Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet - The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29, p. 609-623.
Buhalis, D., & Michopoulou, E. 2011. Information-enabled tourism destination marketing: addressing the accessibility market. Current Issues in Tourism, 14 (2), p. 145-168. Buhalis, D., Darcy, S., & Ambrose, I. 2012. Best practice in accessible tourism: Inclusion, disability, ageing population and tourism, 53. Channel View Publications.
Buhalis, D., Eichhorn, V., Michopoulou, E., & Miller, G. 2005. Accessibility market and stakeholder analysis. University of Surrey y One Stop Shop for Accessible Tourism in Europe (OSSATE).
Buhalis, D., Leung, D., & Law, R. 2011. eTourism: Critical information and communication technologies for tourism destinations. Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications, p. 205-224.
Castro, C. 2017. A Comunicação do Turismo Acessível: Um Estudo sobre as Atrações Turísticas da Cidade do Porto. Dissertação de mestrado. Porto: Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto.
Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F., Johnston, K. & Mayer, R. 2006. Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice (3rd Ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
ComAcesso 2017. Ferramentas de validação automática. comAcesso. Site oficial, consultado a 26 de dezembro de 2017 de http://www.comacesso.pt/biblioteca/ferramentas-validacao-automatica.
Comissão Europeia 2010. Estratégia Europeia para a Deficiência 2010-2020: Compromisso renovado a favor de uma Europa sem barreiras. Bruxelas. Comissão Europeia.
Conforto, D., & Santarosa, L. 2002. Acessibilidade à Web: Internet para todos. Informática na educação: teoria & prática. Porto Alegre, 5 (2), p. 87-102.
Dalgic, T., & Leeuw, M. 1994. Niche Marketing Revisited: Concept, Applications and Some European Cases. European Journal of Marketing, 28 (4), p. 39-55.
Darcy, S. 2001. People with physical disabilities and leisure. Celebrating inclusion and diversity in leisure, p. 59-80.
Darcy, S., & Dickson, T. 2009. A whole-of-life approach to tourism: The case for accessible tourism experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 16 (1), p. 32-44.
Darcy, S., Ambrose, I., Schweinsberg, S., & Buhalis, D. 2011. Conclusion: universal approaches to accessible tourism. Accessible tourism: Concepts and issues, p. 300-316. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Darcy, S., Cameron, B., & Pegg, S. 2011. Developing a business case for accessible tourism. Accessible tourism: Concepts and issues, p. 241-259. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Deloite 2017. A arte do crescimento Atlas da Hotelaria 2017 - 12a edicao. Deloitte Consultores, S.A.
DN 2017. PE aprova 'lei da acessibilidade' para deficientes e aguarda aval dos Estados-membros. Diario de Noticias. Site oficial, consultado a 27 de dezembro de 2017 de https://www.dn.pt/lusa/interior/pe-aprova-lei-da-acessibilidade-para-deficientes-e-aguarda-aval-dos-estados-membros-8770351.html.
Eichhorn, V., Miller, G., Michopoulou, E., & Buhalis, D. 2008. Enabling access to tourism through information schemes? Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (1), p. 189-210.
El-Gohary, H. 2012. Factors affecting E-Marketing adoption and implementation in tourism firms: An empirical
investigation of Egyptian small tourism organisations. Tourism management, 33 (5), p. 1256-1269.
ENAT 2017. European Network for Accessible Tourism. Site oficial, consultado a 28 de dezembro de 2017 de http://www.accessibletourism.org/.
Escobar-Rodriguez, T., & Carvajal-Trujillo, E. 2013. An evaluation of Spanish hotel websites: Informational vs. relational strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, p. 228-239.
EU 2014. Web Accessibility. European Commission. Site oficial, consultado a 26 de dezembro de 2017 de http://ec.europa.eu/ipg/standards/accessibility/index_en.htm.
EU 2017a. Press releases database. European Commission. Site oficial, consultado a 27 de dezembro de 2017 de http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-6147_pt.htm.
EU 2017b. Press releases database. European Commission. Site oficial, consultado a 27 de dezembro de 2017 de http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-1654_pt.htm.
EUR-LEX Europe 2016. Diretiva (UE) 2016/2102 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 26 de outubro de 2016, relativa a acessibilidade dos sitios web e das aplicacoes moveis de organismos do setor publico. EUR-Lex
Access to European Union law. Site oficial, consultado a 9 de dezembro de 2017 de http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PT/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016L2102
Giddens, A. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goncalves, C. 2003. Enquadramento familiar das pessoas com deficiencia: Uma analise exploratoria dos resultados dos Censos 2001. Revista de Estudos Demograficos, 33, p. 69-94.
Gouveia, P., Mendes, D., & Simoes, J. 2010. Turismo Acessivel em Portugal-lei, oportunidades economicas, informacao. Instituto Nacional para a Reabilitacao, I.P. Include, Colecao Informar, n.o 7.
Grupo Marktest 2017. 5,9 milhoes de utilizadores de Internet em Portugal. Consultado a 29 de janeiro de 2018 de www.marktest.com/wap/a/n/id~22ba.aspx.
Grupo Marktest 2018. 4,4 milhoes em sites de eCommerce. Consultado a 30 de janeiro de 2018 de http://www.marktest.com/wap/a/n/id~234d.aspx.
Hoyo, M., & Valiente, G. 2010. Turismo accesible, turismo para todos: la situacion en Cataluna y Espana. Cuadernos de Turismo, 25, p. 25-44.
INE 2012. Censos 2011. Instituto Nacional da Estatistica. Site oficial, consultado a 29 de outubro de 2017 de http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=107624784&DESTAQUEStema=55466&DESTAQUESmodo=2.
INR 1996. Inquerito Nacional as Incapacidades, Deficiencias e Desvantagens. Instituto Nacional para a Reabilitacao, I.P. Site oficial, consultado a 29 de outubro de 2017 de http://www.inr.pt/content/1/117/estudos-informacao-estatistica.
IRN 2018. Programas e Projectos. Instituto Nacional par a Reabilitacao, IP. Site oficial, consultado a 15 de janeiro de 2018 de http://www.inr.pt/category/1/2/programas-projectos.
Li, X., Wang, Y., & Yu, Y. 2015. Present and future hotel website marketing activities: Change propensity analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 47, p. 131-139.
Michopoulou, E., & Buhalis, D. 2011. Technology Platforms and Challenges. Accessible tourism: Concepts and issues, p. 287-299. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Michopoulou, E., & Buhalis, D. 2013. Information provision for challenging markets: The case of the accessibility requiring market in the context of tourism. Information & Management, 50 (5), p. 229-239.
Michopoulou, E., & Buhalis, D. 2014. Usability requirements for accessible tourism systems. e-Review of Tourism Research (e-RTR).
Michopoulou, E., Darcy, S., Ambrose, I., & Buhalis, D. 2015. Accessible tourism futures: the world we dream to live in and the opportunities we hope to have. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1 (3), p. 179-188.
Mills, J. E., Han, J. H., & Clay, J. M. 2008. Accessibility of hospitality and tourism websites: a challenge for visually impaired persons. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49 (1), p. 28-41.
Minghetti, V., & Buhalis, D. 2009. Digital Divide in Tourism. Journal of Travel Research, XX (X), p. 1-15.
Montes, R., & Aragall, F. 2009. Turismo Acessivel ou Turismo para Todos? Sustentabilidade de Negocio. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 11, p. 141-145.
Phillips, J., & Peterson, H. 2001. Segmentation and Differentiation of Agri-Food Niche Markets: Examples from the Literature, staff paper. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Puhretmair, F., & Nussbaum, G. 2011. Web design, assistive technologies and accessible tourism. Accessible tourism: Concepts and issues, p. 274-286. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Robinson, M., & Novelli, M. 2005. Niche tourism: an introduction. Niche tourism: contemporary issues, trends and cases, p. 1-11
Schluter, R., & Var, T. 1988. Resident attitudes toward tourism in Argentina. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 442-445.
Shuai, J., & Wu, W. 2011. Evaluating the influence of E-marketing on hotel performance by DEA and grey entropy. Expert systems with applications, 38 (7), p. 8763-8769.
Stephen, A. 2016. The role of digital and social media marketing in consumer behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, p. 17-21.
travelBI 2018. Multi-National Travel Trends 2017. travelBI by Turismo de Portugal. Consultado a 30 de janeiro de 2018 de http://travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt/pt-pt/Documents/An%C3%A1lises/Mercados/multi-national-travel-trends-2017.
pdf.
Turismo de Portugal 2017. Como ser um hotel acessivel. Site oficial, consultado a 15 de janeiro de 2018 de http://www.turismodeportugal.pt/Portugu%C3%AAs/turismodeportugal/all-for-all/Pages/como-ser-um-hotel-acessivel.aspx.
Turismo de Portugal 2018. Turismo Acessivel. Site oficial, consultado a 15 de janeiro de 2018 de http://www.turismodeportugal.pt/Portugu%C3%AAs/AreasAtividade/desenvolvimentoeinovacao1/Pages/turismoacessivel.aspx.
Unidade ACESSO 2017. AccessMonitor: Nota tecnica. Unidade ACESSO. Consultado a 28 de dezembro de 2017 de http://www.acessibilidade.gov.pt/accessmonitor/nota_tecnica.html.
Vila, T., Darcy, S., & Gonzalez, E. 2015. Competing for the disability tourism market-a comparative exploration of the factors of accessible tourism competitiveness in Spain and Australia. Tourism Management, 47, p. 261-272.
Vos, S., & Michopoulou, E. 2006. Inventory of accessibility schemes and data sets within the EU-tourism sector. EWORX S.A.: Shop for Accessible Tourism in Europe (OSSATE).
W3C 2017. Accessibility. World Wide Web Consortium. Site oficial, consultado a 22 de dezembro de 2017 de https://www.w3.org/standards/webdesign/accessibility.
WHO 2011. World report on disability. Geneva: World Health Organization. Consultado a 30 de outubro de 2017 de http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en/.
WHO 2017. What is e-accessibility? World Health Organization. Site oficial, consultado a 30 de outubro de 2017 de http://www.who.int/features/qa/50/en/.
Williams, R., Rattray, R., & Grimes, A. 2007. Online accessibility and information needs of disabled tourists: A three country hotel sector analysis. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 8 (2), p. 157.
Xiong, L., Cobanoglu, C., Cummings, P., & DeMicco, F. 2009. Website accessibility of US based hospitality websites. Information and communication technologies in tourism 2009, p. 273-284.
Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F. & Bilim, Y. 2010. Destination attachment: effects on customer satisfaction, cognitive, affective and conative loyalty. Tourism Management, 31, 274-284.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
I confirm that the work is original (of my/our authorship), and that it will not be submitted to other journals or publications until the final resolution of the review process in PASOS, RTPC.
I authorize the publication of my work by PASOS, PSTN of free and open access in any of the formats that I deem appropriate, for an indefinite period of time and as a non-remunerated collaboration.
Likewise, the author(s) understands that the published work may be linked or deposited on any server or included in other publications (republication), provided that the new place and/or new edition references the original publication and acknowledges the authorship and copyright ownership of PASOS RTPC publications.
Authors understand that a plagiarism-self-plagiarism check will be performed, and the article may be removed at any time from the editorial flow.