Tourism and archaeological sites in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.007Keywords:
Antarctica, Archaeology, Tourism, Impact, Heritage, Education, 19th Century WhalersAbstract
Archaeological research, focusing on the presence of 19th-century sealers in the South Shetland Islands, has been developing for the last three decades. Archaeology has provided information about sealer’s everyday experiences in land as well as the relationship of sealing and whaling to global capitalism expansion. Site conservation has also been a focus of concern for researchers, despite no specific actions having been undertaken yet in the context of the Antarctic Treaty System. We consider tourism developed in the South Shetland Island as an opportunity to make visible the oldest sites in Antarctica and their historical significance. The aim of this study was to assess the overlap of nineteenth century sealers-whalers archaeological remains and tourist activities by analyzing the distribution of the archaeological sites identified by scientific research and the landing points in the South Shetland Islands used by tourism in the last decade. Location information from archaeological research projects was compared with the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators’ statistic records of landings in the islands. The analysis on the characteristics and temporal trends of tourism in South Shetland Islands, contributes to the future elaboration of specific proposals for visitant education, human impact evaluation and decision-making process for the conservation of the historical remains.
Downloads
References
Bärr, Susan 2010 “Arctic and Antarctic – Different, but Similar: Challenges of Heritage conservation in the High Arctic”. En ed. Susan Barr and Paul Chaplin Polar Settlements - Location, Techniques and Conservation,: 14-23. Oslo: ICOMOS International Polar Heritage Committee.
Basberg, B.L. 2008 “Antarctic Tourism and the Maritime Heritage” Discussion Paper SAM 20: 1-24. Berben: NHH.
Bastmeijer, K. y M. Lamers 2013 “Reaching Consensus on Antarctic Tourism Regulation Calibrating the Human-Nature Relationship?”. En Müller et al. (Eds.) New Issues in Polar Tourism: Communities Environmental, Politics, pp. 67-82. Springer Science+ Business Media Dondrecht
Bauer, T.G. 2001 “Tourism in the Antarctic: opportunities, constraints, and future prospects”. Binghampton: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
Beck, P.J. 1990 “Regulating one of the last tourism frontiers: Antarctica”. Applied Geography, 10, 343-356.
Bender, N.; Crosbie, K y H.J. Lynch 2016 “Patterns of tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula region: a 20-year analysis” Antarctic Science 28 (3): 194-203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102016000031
Berguño, J. 1993a. Las Shetland del Sur: el ciclo lobero. Primera parte. Boletín Antártico Chileno abril, pp. 5-13. 1993b. Las Shetland del Sur: el ciclo lobero. Segunda parte. Boletín Antártico Chileno octubre, pp. 2-9.
Braun, C.; Mustafa, O.; Nordt, A.; Pfeiffer, S. y P. Hans-Ulrich 2012 “Environmental monitoring and management proposals for the Fildes Region, King George Island, Antarctica”. Polar Research 2012, 31, 18206, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18206
Carlini, A.R., Coria, N.R., Santos, M.M., Libertelli, M.M., y G. Donini 2007. “Breeding success and population trends in Adélie penguins in areas with low and high levels of human disturbance”. Polar Biology, 30, 917-924.
Cessford, G.R. 1997 Antarctic Tourism: A Frontier for Wilderness Management. International Journal of Wilderness, 3 (3), 7-11
Chown, S.L., Lee, J.E., Hughes, K.A., Barnes, J., Barrett, P.J., Bergstrom, D.M., Convey, P., Cowan, D.A., Crosbie, K., Dyer, G., Frenot, Y., Grant, S.M., Herr, D., Kennicutt, M.C., Lamers, M., Murray, A., Possingham, H.P., Reid, K., Riddle, M.J., Ryan, P.G., Sanson, L., Shaw, J.D., Sparrow, M.D., Summerhayes, C., Terauds, A. Y D.H. Wall 2012 “Challenges To The Future conservation of the Antarctic”. Science, 337, 158-159.
Davis, P. 1999 “Beyond guidelines. A model for Antarctic tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (3): 516-533.
Bastmeijer, K y R.M. Roura 2004 “Regulating Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle”. The American Journal of International Law 98: (4): 763-781.
Enzenbacher, D.J. 1992 “Antarctic tourism and environmental concerns”. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 25 (9-12): 258-265. 1993 “Tourists in Antarctica: Numbers and trends”. Tourism Management, 14 (2): 143-146. 2007 “Antarctic tourism policy-making: Current challenges and future prospects”. En G. Triggs y A. Riddell (Eds.), Antarctica: Legal and environmental challenges for the future, (pp. 155-189). London: The British Institute of International and Comparative Law
Ferrigno, J.G.; Cook, A.J.; K.M. Foley; R.S. Williams Jr.; Ch. Swithinbank, A.J. Fox, J.W. Thomson y J. Sievers 2006 “Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Trinity Peninsula area and South Shetland Islands, Antarctica: 1843-200”
Haase, D., Storey, B., McIntosh, A., Carr, A. y N. Gilbert 2007 “Stakeholder perspectives on regulatory aspects of Antarctic tourism. Tourism in Marine Environments”, 4 (2,3): 167-183.
Haase, D.; M. Lamers y B. Amelung 2009 “Heading into uncharted territory? Exploring the institutional robustness of self-regulation in the Antarctic tourism sector”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17 (4): 411-430.
Hall, M. y J. Saarinen 2010. “Tourism and Change in Polar Regions: Introduction, Definitions, Locations, Places and Dimensions”. En M. Hall, and J. Saarinen (Ed.) Tourism and Change in Polar Regions. Climate, Enviroments and Experiences, (pp. 1-41). New York: Routledge.
Headland, Robert 1989. “Chronological list of Antarctic Expeditions and related Historical Events”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Studies in Polar Research, 1994 “Historical development of Antarctic tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 21 (2): 269-280.
Herr, R.A. 1996 “The regulation of Antarctic tourism: A study in regime effectiveness”. En O.S. Stokke y D. Vidas (Eds.), Governing the Antarctic: The effectiveness and legitimacy of the Antarctic treaty system, (pp. 203-223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hughes, J. 1994 Antarctic Historic Sites: The Tourism Implications. Annals of Tourism Research 21(2): 281-294
Hughes, J. y Davis 1995. The Management of Tourism at Historic Sites and Monuments. En Jones C.M. and M.E. Johnston (Ed.) Polar Tourism: Tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions, (pp. 235-255). London and New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Johnston, M.E. 1997 “Polar tourism regulation strategies: Controlling visitors through codes of conduct and legislation”. Polar Record, 33 (184): 13-20.
Lamers, M; Hasse, D. y B. Amelung 2008. “Facing the elements : analysing trends in Antarctic tourism”. Tourism Review 63 (1): 15-27
Lee, J.E. y K.A. Hughes 2010 “Focused tourism needs focused monitoring”. Antarctic Science, 22 (1): 1. doi: 10.1017/S0954102009990782.
Lewis Smith, R.I. y H.W. Simpson 1987 “Early nineteenth century sealers’ refuges on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands”. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin No 74: 49-72.
Liggett D. 2009 “Tourism in the Antarctic: modi operandi and regulatory effectiveness”. Saarbru cken: VDM Verlag.
Liggett, D.; McIntosh, A.; Thompson, A.;. Storey, B. y N. Gilbert 2010 ”Stakeholder Perspectives on the Governance of Antarctic Cruise Tourism”. En Michael Luck, Patrick T. Maher, Emma J. Stewart (Eds) Cruise Tourism in Polar Regions: Promoting Environmental and Social Sustainability, (167-180) London: Routledge.
Liggett, D.; McIntosh, A.; Thompson, A.; Gilbert, N. y B. Storey 2011 “From frozen continent to tourism hotspot? Five decades of Antarctic tourism development and management, and a glimpse into the future”. Tourism Management, 32: 357-366. doi: 10.1016/j. tourman.2010.03.005
Lucero, V. y R. Stehberg 1996 Arqueología Histórica Antártica: relevamiento y excavación de sitios de cazadores de lobos del siglo pasado. Islas Shetland del Sur. Historical Archaeology in Latin America 14: 99-106
Lüdecke, C. 2010 Gorgeous Landscapes and Wildlife: The Importance and Danger of Antarctic Tourism, Estudios Polares y Hemisféricos 1 (4): 213-231.
Lundmark, L.; Lemelin, R.H. y D.K. Mu¨ller 2013 “New Issues in Polar Tourism: Conclusion”. En Müller et al. (Eds.) New Issues in Polar Tourism: Communities Environmental, Politics, pp. 217-220. Springer Science+Business Media Dondrecht
Lynch, H.J.; Crosbie, K.; Fagan, W.F. y R. Naveen 2010 “Spatial patterns of tour ship traffic in the Antarctic Peninsula región”. Antarctic Science 22 (2): 123-130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102009990654
Mason, P.A., y S.J. Legg, S.J. 1999 “Antarctic tourism: activities, impacts, management issues, and a proposed research agenda”. Pacific Tourism Review, 3, 71-84
Oliva, M.; J. Ruiz-Fernández; A. Zarankin; A. Casanova-Katny y J. Nofre 2016 “Geoecology and Historical Heritage in the Ice-Free Area of Elephant Point (Antarctica). Proposal for Future Environmental Protection”. Geoheritage DOI 10.1007/s12371-016-0184-1
O´Neill, T.A.; Balks, M.R. y J. López-Martínez 2013. “The effectiveness of environmental impact assessments on visitor activity in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica”. En Müller et al. (Eds.) New Issues in Polar Tourism: Communities Environmental, Politics. Springer Science+ Business, Media Dondrecht.
Pearson, M. 2011 “Polar heritage conservation and archaeology”. En S. Barr y P. Chaplin (Ed.) Polar settlements - location, techniques and conservation, (pp. 24-34). Oslo: International Polar Heritage Committee, ICOMOS.
Pearson, M. y M.X. Senatore 2014 “Antarctica: Historical Archaeology”. En Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, (pp. 269-272), New York: Springer.
Pearson M. y R. Stehberg 2006 “Nineteenth century sealing sites on Rugged Island, South Shetland Islands”. Polar Record 42(223):335-347.
Pearson, M.; R. Stehberg; A. Zarankin; M.X. Senatore y C. Gatica. 2008. “Sealer´s sledge excavated on Livingson Island, South Shetland Islands”. Polar Record 44: (362-364).
Pearson, M.; R. Stheberg; A. Zarankin; M.X. Senatore y C. Gatica 2010 “Conserving the oldest historic sites in the Antarctic: the challenges in managing the sealing sites in the South Shetland Islands”. Polar Record 46 (1): 57-64
Pfeiffer, S.; C. Buesser; O. Mustafa, y P. Hans-Ulrich 2007 “Tourism Growth and Proposed Management Solutions in the Fildes Peninsula Region (King George Island, Antarctica)”. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4 (2-3): 151-165
Powell, R.; Kellert, S.y S. Ham 2008 “Antarctic Tourists: ambassadors or consumers?” Polar Record 44: 233-241
Roura, R.M. 2010 “Cultural Heritage Tourism in Antarctica and Svalbard: Patterns, Impacts and Policies”. En M Hall and J. Saarinen (Eds), Tourism and Change in Polar Regions. Climate, Environments and Experiences, (pp. 180-203). New York: Routledge.
Roura, R.M. 2012 “Being there: examining the behaviour of Antarctic tourists through their blogs” Polar Research, 2012, 31, 10905, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.10905
Schillat, M.; Jensen, M.; Vereda, M.; Sánchez, R.A. y R.M. Roura 2016 “Tourism in Antarctica. A multidisciplinary view of new activities carried out on the White Continent”: Springer Briefs in Geography, Springer, Nueva York
Senatore, M.X. 2011. “Reflexiones sobre arqueología, historia y patrimonio en Antártida”. Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Buenos Aires, XLIV http://ciencias.org.ar/user/FILE/Senatore.pdf 2016. “Encounters: People-Object Interaction in the Process of Heritage-Making in Antarctica”. Presentado en Polar Museum Network Inaugural Conference, The Fram Museum, Oslo.
Senatore, M.X. y A. Zarankin 1999 “Arqueología histórica y expansion capitalista. Prácticas cotidianas y grupos operarios en Península Byers, Isla Livingston de las Shatleand del Sur”. En A. Zarankin y F. Acuto (Eds.) Sed Non Satiata. Teoría social en la Arqueología Latinoamericana Contemporánea, (pp. 171-188). Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Tridente.
Senatore, M.X. y A. Zarankin 2011 “Widening the Scope of the Antarctic Heritage Archaeology and The Ugly, the Dirty and The Evil in Antarctic History”. En Susan Bärr y Paul Chaplin (Ed.) Polar Settlements - Location, Techniques and Conservation,: (pp 51-59). Oslo: ICOMOS International Polar Heritage Committee.
Senatore, M.X. y A. Zarankin 2012 “Tourism and the Invisible Historic Sites in Antarctica”. En Heritage as a driver to development Part III Development as Tourism, (pp. 592-601), Paris: ICOMOS International.
Senatore, M.X. y A. Zarankin 2014. “Against the domain of Master Narratives: Archaeology and History in Antarctica”. En C. Gnecco y C. Langebaek (Eds), Against the Typological Tyranny in Archaeology, (pp. 121-132). New York: Springer.
Senatore, M.X.; A. Zarankin; M. Salerno; I.V. Valladares y M.J, Cruz. 2008 “Historias bajo cero. Arqueología de las primeras ocupaciones humanas en Antártida”. En L. Borrero y N. Franco (Eds), Arqueología del Extremo Sur de Sudamérica, (pp. 117-130). Editorial Dunken and DIPA-IMHICIHU-CONICET, Buenos Aires.
Serrano, E. 2007. “Tourism in the South Shetland Islands: Recent Changes in Local Destinations and Activities”. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4 (2-3): 221-235.
Snyder, J.M. y B. Stonehouse 2007 “Prospects for Polar Tourism”. Oxon: Cabi.
Splettstoesser, J. 2000 “IAATO’s Stewardship of the Antarctic environment: A history of tour operator’s concern for a vulnerable part of the world”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2, 47-55.
Splettstoesser, J.,Landau, D., y R.K. Headland, 2004 “Tourism in the forbidden lands: The Antarctica experience”. En T.V. Singh (Ed.), New horizons in tourism. Strange experiences and stranger practices, (pp. 27-36). Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing.
Stehberg, R. 2003 Arqueología Histórica Antártica. Aborígenes sudamericanos en los mares subantárticos en el siglo XIX. Santiago: Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana.
Stehberg, R. 2004 Archaeologists document historical heritage in the South Shetlands. Cultural Heritage in the Arctc and Atarctic Regions. Monuments and Sites VIII, (pp. 69-73). Lorenskog: International Polar Heritage Committe IPHC-ICOMOS.
Stehberg, R. y V. Lucero 1996 “Excavaciones arqueológicas en Playa Yàmana, Cabo Shirreff, Isla Livingston, Antártica”. Serie Científica Instituto Antártico Chileno 46: 59-81.
Stehberg, R., M. Pearson, A. Zarankin, M.X. Senatore y C. Gatica 2008 “Protection and Preservation of the oldest sites of the Antarctic: the case of Fildes Peninsula and Byers Peninsula in the South Shetland Islands”. En Susan Bär and Paul Chaplin (Ed) Historical Polar Bases Preservation and Management, (pp. 80-94). Oslo: International Polar Heritage Committe ICOMOS Monuments and Sites XIV Special Issue
Stewart, E.; Draper, D. y M.E. Johnston, 2005 “A review of tourism research in the polar regions”. Arctic, 58 (4): 383-394.
Stewart, E.J., Liggett, D. y J. Dawson 2017 “The evolution of polar tourism scholarship: research themes, networks and agendas”. Polar Geography, 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2016.1274789
Stonehouse, B. y K. Crosbie. 1995 “Tourist impacts and management in the Antarctic Peninsula area”. En C.M. Hall y M. Johnston (Eds.), Polar tourism: Tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic regions (pp. 217-233). New York: John Wiley.
Stonehouse, B. y J.M. Snyder 2010. “Polar Tourism: An Environmental Perspective”. Bristol: Channel View Publications, Aspects of Tourism Nº 43.
Summerson R. y I.D. Bishop 2012. “The impact of human activities on wilderness and aesthetic values in Antarctica”. Polar Research 2012, 31, 10858, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.10858
Tejedo, P., Pertierra, L.; Benayas, J. y M. Boada 2011 “Equilibrios sobre el hielo: una breve (pero completa) revisión del conocimiento sobre el impacto humano en la Antártida”. Ecosistemas 20 (1): 69-86
Tin, T.; Liggett, D. y P.T. Maher 2012 “The complex business of managing human activities and protecting the environment of the polar regions”. Polar Research 31, 20228, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.20228
Tin, T., Fleming, Z.L., Hughes, K.A., Ainley, D.G., Convey, P., Moreno, C.A., Pfeiffer, S., Scott, J. y I. Snape 2009 “Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment”, Antarctic Science, 21(1): 3-33. DOI: 10.1017/S0954102009001722
Zarankin, A. y M.X. Senatore 2005 “Archaeology in Antarctica, 19th century capitalism expasion strategies”. Internacional Journal of Historical Archaeology, 9 (1): 43-56. Nueva York: Plenum-Kluwer.
Zarankin, A. y M.X. Senatore 2007 “Historias de un pasado en Blanco. Arqueología Histórica Antártica”. Belo Horizonte: Argumentum.
Zarankin, A., M.X. Senatore y A. Alves-Pereira 2014 “Digital tools for recording and conservation of the oldest sealer and whaler archaeological sites in South Shetland Islands, Antarctica”. Copenhague Proceedings of ICOMOS, IPHC Meeting,
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
I confirm that the work is original (of my/our authorship), and that it will not be submitted to other journals or publications until the final resolution of the review process in PASOS, RTPC.
I authorize the publication of my work by PASOS, PSTN of free and open access in any of the formats that I deem appropriate, for an indefinite period of time and as a non-remunerated collaboration.
Likewise, the author(s) understands that the published work may be linked or deposited on any server or included in other publications (republication), provided that the new place and/or new edition references the original publication and acknowledges the authorship and copyright ownership of PASOS RTPC publications.
Authors understand that a plagiarism-self-plagiarism check will be performed, and the article may be removed at any time from the editorial flow.
