Social Sustainability and “Touristification”: The Case of Querétaro’s Historical City Centre (Mexico)

Driselda Sánchez-Aguirre; Luis Alfonso Escudero-Gómez

doi:10.25145/j.pasos.2026.24.035

Authors

Driselda Sánchez-Aguirre National Autonomous University of Mexico https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0728-7273
Luis Alfonso Escudero-Gómez University of the Balearic Islands https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-4064

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2026.24.035

Keywords:

“Touristification", historical city centre, cultural heritage tourism, urban tourism, social sustainability

Abstract

The pressure of heritage tourism is leading to processes of “touristification” in historical city centres. This phenomenon is presently occurring in Latin America, resulting in gentrification and increasing depopulation. These changes reduce the residential and heritage value of these areas, thereby jeopardising the social sustainability of tourism. A case study was conducted in Querétaro to analyse residents' perceptions of the positive and negative impacts of tourism in their UNESCO World Heritage historical city centre. Using a quantitative approach, a questionnaire based on previous academic studies was applied. The findings reveal that the Social Exchange Theory holds, as residents prioritiise the benefits of tourism over its costs. Economic dynamism and job creation are particularly valued, and tourism is perceived as essential to the city's future. However, concerns arise regarding issues such as vehicle traffic, pedestrian congestion, waste accumulation and rising housing costs. The results provide empirical evidence to enrich the academic debate and offer valuable insights for heritage tourism policymakers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Publication Facts

This article

Author statements

Data availability

N/A

16%

External funding

No

32%

Competing interests

N/A

11%

This journal

Other journals

Articles accepted

54%

33%

Days to publication

448

145

Indexed in

DOAJ
GS
L
S

Editor & editorial board: profiles
Academic society: PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural
Publisher: Instituto Universitario de Investigación Social y Turismo. Universidad de La Laguna (España) - Instituto Universitario da Maia ISMAI (Portugal)

Author Biographies

Driselda Sánchez-Aguirre, National Autonomous University of Mexico

Driselda Sánchez-Aguirre holds a PhD in Economic and Management Sciences from the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. She is a member of the Mexican National System of Researchers at level I. Her research focuses on competitiveness, heritage and tourism.

Luis Alfonso Escudero-Gómez, University of the Balearic Islands

Luis Alfonso Escudero-Gómez earned his PhD in Geography from the University of Santiago de Compostela in 2000. He is a lecturer in Human Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of the Balearic Islands. His research focuses on urban studies, with a particular interest in urban cultural tourism and the challenges that heritage tourism poses in historic centers.

References

‌Álvarez-Sousa, A (2018). The Problems of Tourist Sustainability in Cultural Cities: Socio-Political Perceptions and Interests Management. Sustainability, 10(2), 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020503

‌Andereck, K.L., Valentine, K., Knopf, R.C., & Vogt, C.A. (2005). Residents’ Perceptions of Community Tourism Impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001

Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3

Archer, B., Cooper, C., & Ruhanen, L. (2005). The Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism. In W.F. Theobald (Ed.), Global Tourism (3rd ed.) (pp 79-102). Elsevier.

Ayala-Galaz, M., & Vázquez-Estrada, A. (2024). Patrimonio y gentrificación. Una mirada etnográfica al centro histórico de la ciudad de Querétaro, México. EURE, 51(152), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.7764/EURE.51.152.03

Barbosa, L.G M., Oliveira, C.T.F. de, & Rezende, C. (2010). Competitiveness of Tourist Destinations: The Study of 65 Key Destinations for the Development of Regional Tourism. Revista de Administração Pública, 44, 1067–1095. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-76122010000500004

Barrera-Fernández, D., & Hernández-Escampa, M. (2016). El impacto de la política urbanística en la gestión de la ciudad histórico‑turística: Un estudio comparativo. PASOS Revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural, 14(3), 705–724. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2016.14.046

Belisle, F.J., & Hoy, D.R. (1980). The Perceived Impact of Tourism by Residents a Case Study in Santa Marta, Colombia. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(80)80008-9

Bertoncello, R.V. (2018). Turismo: expectativas, conflictos, contradicciones. La ciudad de Buenos Aires como destino turístico. In C. Milano & J.A. Mansilla (Eds.), Ciudad de vacaciones: conflictos urbanos en espacios turísticos (pp. 155–187). Pol·len

Blasco-López, M.F., Recuero-Virto, N., Manzano-Aldas, J., & García-Madariaga-Miranda, J. (2018). Residents’ Attitude as Determinant of Tourism Sustainability: The Case of Trujillo. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 35, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.02.002

Boley, B.B., Strzelecka, M., & Woosnam, K.M. (2018). Resident Perceptions of the Economic Benefits of Tourism: Toward a Common Measure. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(8), 1295–1314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018759056

Butler, R.W., & Dodds, R. (2022). Overcoming overtourism: A review of failure. Tourism Review, 77(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2021-0215

Cáceres-Seguel, C. (2023). Valparaíso: Touristification and Displacement in a UNESCO City. Journal of Urban Affairs, 46(6), 1192–1204. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2023.2203400

Cáceres-Seguel, C. (2024). Valparaíso y el ciclo urbano pos-Unesco 2003-2022: Turistificación, patrimonio, y configuración de un espacio urbano elitizado. EURE, 50(151), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.7764/EURE.50.151.01

Cocola-Gant, A. (2023). Place-Based Displacement: Touristification and Neighborhood Change. Geoforum, 138, Article 103665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2022.103665

Cortés-Matías, F.A., & Rivera-López, F. (2023). Urban Renewal to Turistification: Oaxaca de Juárez’s Historic Downwtown. ECORFAN Journal Republic of Paraguay, 9(17), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.35429/EJROP.2023.17.9.1.14

Costa, E.B. da (2018). Riesgos y potenciales de preservación patrimonial en América Latina y el Caribe. Investigaciones Geográficas, (96). https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59593

Datatur (2025). Turismo. https://www.datatur.sectur.gob.mx/SitePages/Inicio.aspx

Deery, M., Jago, L., & Fredline, L. (2012). Rethinking Social Impacts of Tourism Research: A New Research Agenda. Tourism Management, 33(1), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.026

Delgadillo, V. (2018). Turismo y patrimonio Cincuenta años de «rescate» del Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México. Estudios Críticos Del Desarrollo, VIII(14), 141–170. https://doi.org/10.35533/ecd.0814.vd

D’Eramo, M. (2014). UNESCOcide. New Left Review, 88, 47–53. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii88/articles/marco-d-eramo-unescocide

Dickinson, J. E., & Peeters, P. (2014). Time, Tourism Consumption and Sustainable Development. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1893

Dodds, R., & Butler, R. (2019). The Enablers of Overtourism. In R. Dodds & R. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism. Issues, Realities and Solutions (pp. 262–276). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607369-002

Durán, L. (2015). Barrios, patrimonio y espectáculo: disputas por el pasado y el lugar en el centro histórico de Quito. Cuaderno Urbano, 18(18), 141–168. https://doi.org/10.30972/crn.1818192

Escudero-Gómez, L.A. (2019). Residents’ Opinions and Perceptions of Tourism Development in the Historic City of Toledo, Spain. Sustainability, 11, Article 3854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143854

Escudero-Gómez, L. A., & Martínez Fernández, M. de la P. (2023). Comunidades anfitrionas frente al desarrollo turístico. Un estudio comparativo entre San Martín de los Andes (Patagonia argentina) y Toledo (España). Estudios Socioterritoriales. Revista de Geografía, (30), Article 093. https://doi.org/10.37838/unicen/est.30-307

Fletcher, R., & Neves, K. (2012). Contradictions in Tourism: The Promise and Pitfalls of Ecotourism as a Manifold Capitalist Fix. Environment and Society, 3(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2012.030105

Fredline, L., Deery, M., & Jago, L. (2013). A Longitudinal Study of the Impacts of an Annual Event on Local Residents. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(4), 416–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2013.779314

Frigerio, A., Montedoro, L., & Del Bianco, C. (2024). Overtourism in UNESCO sites and its effect on urban public space. An EU project experience of research by design in Athens, Florence and Karlow. In M. Bovati, A. Moro & D. Villa (Eds.), In-presence/The Body and the Space. The Role of Corporeity in the Era of Virtualization (pp. 563–566). PUblica.

Gallardo, M. (2024, 14 April). Hemos perdido nuestro Centro Histórico, acusan vecinos. Diario de Querétaro. https://oem.com.mx/diariodequeretaro/local/hemos-perdido-nuestro-centro-historico-acusan-vecinos-13104028

Gannon, M., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Taheri, B. (2021). Assessing the Mediating Role of Residents’ Perceptions toward Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 60(1), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519890926

‌García-Hernández, M. (2000). Turismo y medio ambiente en ciudades históricas. De la capacidad de acogida turística a la gestión de los flujos de visitantes. Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense, 20, 131–148.

Garrido del Toral, A. (2018). Joyas de Querétaro. Poder Ejecutivo del Estado de Querétaro.

Gravari-Barbas, M., Bourdeau, L., & Robinson, M. (2015). World Heritage, Tourism and Identity: Inscription and Co-production. In L. Bourdeau, M Gravari-Barbas & M. Robinson (Eds.), World Heritage, Tourism and Identity (pp. 1–24). Burlington. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315546315

Hafstein, V.T. (2004). The Politics of Origins: Collective Creation Revisited. Journal of American Folklore, 117(465), 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1353/jaf.2004.0073.

Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage.

Hawkins, D.E., Chang, B., & Warnes, K. (2009). A comparison of the National Geographic Stewardship Scorecard Ratings by Experts and Stakeholders for Selected World Heritage Destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(1), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802209944

Hayes, M. (2020). The Coloniality of UNESCO’s Heritage Urban Landscapes: Heritage Process and Transnational Gentrification in Cuenca, Ecuador. Urban Studies, 57(15), 3060–3077. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019888441

Hernández-Cordero, A., & Fenner Sánchez, G. (2019). El turismo, ¿un arma para la guerra? Tensiones en San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México. In C. Milano & J.A. Mansilla (Eds.), Ciudad de vacaciones: conflictos urbanos en espacios turísticos (pp. 81–120). Pol·len

Hiernaux-Nicolas, D., & González-Gómez, C. I. (2018). Cuando el turismo invade el Centro Histórico: Santiago de Querétaro. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo, 8(14), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.35533/ecd.0814.dhn.cigg

Homans, G.C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597–606.

Istoc, E.M. (2012). Urban cultural tourism and sustainable development. International Journal for Responsible Tourism, 1(1), 38–57. http://repec.turismulresponsabil.ro/RePEc/amfarchive/2012-1/2012-1-1-38-57.pdf

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). 2024. https://www.inegi.org.mx/default.html

Janoschka, M., & Sequera, J. (2016). Gentrification in Latin America: Addressing the Politics and Geographies of Displacement. Urban Geography, 37(8), 1175–1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1103995

Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1997). Urban Tourism Managing Resources and Visitors. In S. Wahab & J.J. Pigram (Eds.) Tourism. Development and Growth (pp. 237–256). Routledge.

Jover, J., & Rongvaux, N.L. (2024). “Something Went Wrong”: Introduction to the Special Issue on Gentrification and Touristification in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Urban Affairs, 46(6), 1103–1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2024.2352325

Kaczmarek, S., & Kaczmarek, J. (2022). Urban Sustainable Tourism – Reality or Utopia? European Spatial Research and Policy, 29(2), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.29.2.02

‌Kowalczyk-Anioł, J. (2020). Tourismification of the housing resources of historical inner cities. The case of Krakow. Studia Miejskie, 35, 9–25. https://doi.org/10.25167/sm.1014.

Landorf, C. (2009). Managing for Sustainable Tourism: A Review of Six Cultural World Heritage Sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802159719.

Landorf, C. (2011). Evaluating Social Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 17(5), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2011.563788

Lohr, S. (2019). Sampling: Design and Analysis. Crc Press.

López, L., Pazos-Otón, M., & Piñeiro-Antelo, M. de los Á. (2019). ¿Existe overtourism en Santiago de Compostela? Contribuciones para un debate ya iniciado. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, (83), Article 2825. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2825

Martínez-Pino, J. (2018). The New Holistic Paradigm and the Sustainability of Historic Cities in Spain: An Approach Based on the World Heritage Cities. Sustainability, 10(7), Article 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072301

Martinez-Garcia, E., Raya-Vilchez, J.M., & Galí, N. (2018). Factors Affecting Time Spent Visiting Heritage City Areas. Sustainability, 10(6), Article 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061824

‌Martínez-Pino, J. (2018). The New Holistic Paradigm and the Sustainability of Historic Cities in Spain: An Approach Based on the World Heritage Cities. Sustainability, 10(7), Article 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072301.

Matteucci, X., Koens, K., Calvi, L., & Moretti, S. (2022). Envisioning the Futures of Cultural Tourism. Futures, 142, Article 103013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2022.103013

‌Maxim, C. (2017). Challenges Faced by World Tourism Cities – London’s Perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(9), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1347609

Meimand, S.E., Khalifah, Z., Zavadskas, E.K., Mardani, A., Najafipour, A.A., & Ahmad, U.N.U. (2017). Residents’ Attitude toward Tourism Development: A Sociocultural Perspective. Sustainability, 9(7), Article 1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071170

Méndez-Ravina, L.M., Aviña-Solares, M.G.A., & Solis-Martínez, H. (2020). Tourism in Mexico and the Use of Cultural Heritage as a Commodification’s Product. In A. Kavoura, E. Kefallonitis & P. Theodoridis (Eds.), Strategic Innovative Marketing and Tourism (pp. 265–271). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36126-6_29

Milano, C., Koens, K., & Russo, A.P. (2024a). The politics of urban tourism (im)mobilities: Critical perspectives on inequalities and social justice. Cities, 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105148

Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Russo, A.P. (2024b). Anti-tourism activism and the inconvenient truths about mass tourism, touristification and overtourism. Tourism Geographies, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2024.2391388

Mody, M., Woosnam, K.M., Suess, C., & Dogru, T. (2023). Hapless Victims or Empowered Citizens? Understanding Residents’ Attitudes towards Airbnb using Weber’s Theory of Rationality and Foucauldian Concepts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(2), 284–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1834567

Moraru, A.D., Duhnea, C., Barbulescu, A., Juganaru, M., & Juganaru, I.D. (2021). Residents’ Attitude Toward Tourism—Do the Benefits Outweigh the Downsides? The Case of Constanta, Romania. Sustainability, 13(2), Article 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020882

Nijkamp, P., & Kourtit, K. (2023). Culture and Tourism: A Sustainable Dilemma? In J. Vroomans, B. Kuipers, & R. van Duin (Eds.), Keeping the Focus on Sustainability: A Challenge for Governance (pp. 90–101). Erasmus University Rotterdam.

Nost, E. (2013). The Power of Place: Tourism Development in Costa Rica. Tourism Geographies, 15(1), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.699090

Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2012). Power, Trust, Social Exchange and Community Support. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 997–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.017

Ouyang, Z., Gursoy, D., & Sharma, B. (2017). Role of Trust, Emotions and Event Attachment on Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism. Tourism Management, 63, 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.026

Pedersen, A. (2002). Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: A Practical Manual for World Heritage Site Managers. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

Perdue, R.R., Long, P.T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), 586–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90029-q

Pérez-Sánchez, M., Casanoves-Boix, J., & Ruiz-Lanuza, A. (2024). The Tourist’s Perception of the Management of Guanajuato Cultural Heritage Destination. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research, 7(1), 295–309. https://www.jthr.es/index.php/journal/article/view/558

Pine, B.J., & Gilmore, J. (1999). The Experience Economy: Work Is Theatre & Every Business a Stage. Harvard Business Review Press.

Pinheiro, A.J., & Paulino, F. (2022). Urban Tourism and World Heritage: Relations and Effects of the Classification. PASOS Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 20(5), 1243–1154. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2022.20.084.

Postma, A., & Schmuecker, D. (2017). Understanding and Overcoming Negative Impacts of Tourism in City Destinations: Conceptual Model and Strategic Framework. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2017-0022

Pulido-Fernández, J.I., & Ruiz-Lanuza, A. (2017). Propuesta para una agenda de investigación de los impactos del turismo en los destinos Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, (73), Article 2423. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2423

Ribeiro, M.A., Pinto, P., Silva, J.A., & Woosnam, K.M. (2017). Residents’ Attitudes and the Adoption of Pro-Tourism Behaviours: The Case of Developing Island Countries. Tourism Management, 61, 523–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.004

‌Richards, G. (2022). Urban tourism as a special type of cultural tourism. In J. van der Borg (Ed.), A Research Agenda for Urban Tourism (pp. 31–50). Edward Elgar.

Ruiz-Lanuza, A., & Alvarado-Sizzo, I. (2018). Criterios básicos para la planificación turística sustentable de los sitios culturales patrimonio de la humanidad. ACE: Architecture, City and Environment, 37, 31–50. https://doi.org/10.5821/ace.13.37.5144

Sánchez-Aguirre, D. P., & Martínez, D. (2024). Tourists’ Perceptions of Cultural Experiences in Heritage Hotels in Queretaro City. Tourism Cases, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1079/tourism.2024.0071

Sánchez-Fernández, M.D., Álvarez-Bassi, D., & Ramón-Cardona, J. (2019). Environmental and Economic Concerns in Residents’ Attitudes in Punta del Este (Uruguay). Sustainability, 11(24), Article 7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247246

Santamarina, B., & Del Mármol, C. (2020). “Para algo que era nuestro . . . ahora es de toda la humanidad”: el Patrimonio Mundial como expresión de conflictos. Chungara: Revista de Antropología Chilena, 52(1), 161–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-73562020005000301

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Sharpley, R. (2014). Host Perceptions of Tourism: A Review of the Research. Tourism Management, 42, 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.10.007

Snaith, T., & Haley, A. (1999). Residents’ Opinions of Tourism Development in the Historic City of York, England. Tourism Management, 20(5), 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00030-8

Soccali, G., & Cinà, G. (2020). Heritage Policies in the Neoliberal Arena: Spaces of Exclusion and Gentrification in Urban World Heritage Sites. The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, 11(2–3), 282–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2020.1741152

Sommer, C., & Helbrecht, I. (2017). Seeing like a Tourist City: How Administrative Constructions of Conflictive Urban Tourism Shape Its Future. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-07-2017-0037.

Stevic, I., Rodrigues, V., Breda, Z., Veríssimo, M., Silva, A.M.F. da, & Costa, C.M.M. da. (2024). Residents’ Perceptions of Negative Tourism Impacts and Mitigation Strategies: The case of Porto. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 10(4), 1488–1506. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-11-2022-0254

Stylidis, D., Biran, A., Sit, J., & Szivas, E.M. (2014). Residents’ Support for Tourism Development: The Role of Residents’ Place Image and Perceived Tourism Impacts. Tourism Management, 45, 260–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.05.006

Su, M.M., Wall, G., & Xu, K. (2016). Heritage Tourism and Livelihood Sustainability of a Resettled Rural Community: Mount Sanqingshan World Heritage Site, China. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(5), 735–757. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1085868

Tarsi, E. (2008). Heritage Tourism and Displacement in Salvador da Bahia. In L. Porter & K. Shaw (Eds.), Whose Urban Renaissance? An International Comparison of Urban Regeneration Strategies (pp. 171–179). Routledge.

Teye, V., Sirakaya, E., & Sönmez, S.F. (2002). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 668–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(01)00074-3

Timothy, D.J. (2020). Heritage Consumption, New Tourism and The Experience Economy. In M. Gravari-Barbas (Ed.), A Research Agenda for Heritage Tourism (pp. 203–218). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789903522.00023

Trivi, N.A., Moscoso, F.V., & Morales-Blanco, N.M. (2023). Touristification and Urban Extractivism in Latin American Destinations: Heritage and Conflicts in Antigua Guatemala (Guatemala) and Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Journal of Urban Affairs, 46(6), 1205–1225. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2023.2242535

Van der Borg, J., & Gravari-Barbas, M. (2022). Towards A Research Agenda for Urban Tourism. A synthesis. In J. van der Borg (Ed.), A Research Agenda for Urban Tourism (pp. 295–322). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789907407.00023

Williams, J., & Lawson, R. (2001). Community Issues and Resident Opinions of Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00030-X

Woo, E., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M.J. (2019). What Is the Nature of the Relationship Between Tourism Development and the Quality of Life of Host Communities? In A.M. Campón-Cerro, J.M. Hernández-Mogollón & J.A. Folgado-Fernández (Eds.), Best Practices in Hospitality and Tourism Marketing and Management: A Quality of Life Perspective (pp. 43–62). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91692-7_3

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2018). ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, Executive Summary. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420070

Yanes-Torrado, S. (2018). Recuperar el barrio. Maniobras de transformación urbana en la Ciudad Vieja de Montevideo. In C. Milano & J.A. Mansilla (Eds.), Ciudad de vacaciones: conflictos urbanos en espacios turísticos (pp. 439–471). Pol·len.

Yescas-Sánchez, M. (2018). La turistificación en el Centro Histórico de Oaxaca. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo, VIII, 75–111. https://doi.org/10.35533/ecd.0814.mys

Zhu, Y. (2021). Heritage Tourism: From Problems to Possibilities. Cambridge University Press.