Community tourism in Ecuador. Understanding community-based tourism from the community
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2008.06.031Keywords:
community-based tourism, turismo comunitario, community, ecuadorAbstract
The growing impetus of community-based tourism (CBT) as a means of achieving sustainable tourism and a strategy for social development forces us to seek a deeper understanding of this phenome- non. This paper proposes an analytical focus on the community as a theoretical/methodological tactic. The empirical reference point in this research paper is the concept of turismo comunitario (TC) in Ecua- dor, where five communities were chosen to conduct an indepth ethnographic study. By means of a conclusion, a comprehensive framework is put forward for TC, founded on three main pillars: the analy- tical centrality of the communities; the consideration of TC as a ‘translation’ rather than an ‘adaptation’ to the market; and the fortifying - rather than debilitating - nature of TC for the communities involved. This provides a series of factors that can be used to gain a general understanding of CBT, from a theore- tical point of view, and which can also be used to evaluate the social viability of CBT projects and expe- riments.
Downloads
References
Bateson, G. 1958 Naven. Standford: Standford University Press.
Bauman, Z. 2001Community. Seeking safety in an inseure world. London: Polity Press.
Belsky, J. M. 1999 Misrepresenting communities: The politics of community-based rural ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee, Belize. Rural Sociology, 64(4), 641-666.
Blackstock, K. 2005 A critical look at community based tourism. Commnutity Development Journal, 40(1), 39-49.
Bourdieu, Pierre 2000 Cuestiones de sociología, Madrid: Istmo.
Cabanillas, E. 2003 El turismo comunitario en el Ecuador. Situación y tendencias actuales. Quito: Universidad de Especialidades Turísticas.
Chamoux, M.N. & Contreras, J. (eds.) 1996 La gestión comunal de recursos. Eco- nocmía y poder en las sociedades loca- les de España y América Latina. Barcelona: Icaria.
Cohen, A. 1985 The symbolic construction of the community. London: Routledge.
Colvin, J. 1994 Capirona: A Model of Indigenous Eco- tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tou- rism 2 (3)
Crow, G. & Allan, G. 1994 Community life. An introduction to local social relations. New York: Harvester.
Cusack, D., & Dixon, L. 2006 Community-based ecotourism and sustainability: Cases in Bocas del Toro province, Panama and Talamanca, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Forestry,
(1-2), 157-182.
de Certau, M 1990 L’invention du qotidien. Paris: Gallimard.
Drumm, A. 1998 New approaches to community-based tecotourism management: learning from Ecuador. In Ecotourism: Guide for planners and managers, vol. 2. North Bennington: The Ecotourism Society.
Erikson, K.C. & Stull, D.D. 1998 Doing Team Ethnography. London: Sage
Estrella Durán, M. 2007La incidencia jurídica en el turismo comunitario en Ecuador. In E. Ruiz & D. Solís Turismo Comunitario en Ecuador. Desarrollo y sostenibilidad social. Quito: Abya-Yala.
Ezzy, D. 2002 Qualitative análisis. London: Routledg
FEPTCE 2007a Manual de Calidad para la Gestión del turismo Comunitario en Ecuador.Quito
FEPTCE. 2007b Guía de Turismo Comunitario del Ecuador. Quito FEPTCE.
Fuller, D.; Buultjens, J. & Cummings, E. 2005 Ecotourism and indigenous micro- enterprise formation in northern Australia opportunities and constraints, Tourism Management 26, 891-904.
Gascón Gutierrez, J. 1996 La gestión de un nuevo recurso: el turismo. Conflicto y lucha por su control en los Andes, In M.N Chamoux & J. Contreras (eds.) La gestión comunal de recursos. Economía y poder en las sociedades locales de España y América Latina (pp. 307-335). Barcelona: Icaria.
Gould, K. 1999 Tactical tourism. A comparative analysis of rainforest development in Ecuador and Belize, Organization & Environment 12(3), 245-262.
Hernández Cruz, R.; Bello Baltazar, E.; Montoya Gómez, G. & Estrada Lugo, E. 2005 Social Adaptation. Ecotourism in the Lacandon Forest, Annals of Tourism Research 32(3), 610-627.
Heuman, D. 2005 Hospitality and reciprocity: Working tourists in Dominica, Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 407-418.
Hiwasaki, L. 2006 Community-based tourism: A path- way to sustainability for Japan's protected areas. Society and Natural Re- sources, 19(8), 675-692.
Ingold, T. 2000 The perception of the environment. London: Routledge
Jeffreys, A. 1998 Ecotourism in northwest Ecuador.Geography Review, 11(3), 26-29.
Jones, S. 2005 Community-based ecotuourism. The significance of social capital. Annals of Tourism Research 32(2), 303-324.
Kiss, A. 2004 Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19(5), 232-237.
Korovkin, T. 2001 Reinventing the communal tradition: civil society and democratization in rural Ecuador in Latin America Research Review 36(3)
Korovkin, T 2000 Weak weapons, strong weapons? Hidden resistance and political protest in Highland Ecuador in Journal of Peasants Studies, 27(3).
Manyara, G., Jones, E., & Botterill, D. 2006 Tourism and poverty alleviation: The case for indigenous enterprise development in Kenya. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 7(1), 19-37.
Mbaiwa, J.E. 2005 Community-based tourism and the marginalized communities in Botswana: The case of the Basarwa in the Okavango Delta. In C. Ryan & M. Aicken, Indigenous tourism: the commodification and management of culture (pp. 87-109), London: Elsevier.
Michaux, J., González, M. y Blanco, E. 2000 Ayllu aimara y reciprocidad. Revista Iberoamericana de Autogestión y Acción Comunitaria 35-36-37.
Mitchell, R. E. & Eagles, P. F. J. 2001 An integrative approach to tourism: Lessons from the Andes of Peru. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(1), 4-28.
Mitchell, R. E. & Reid, D. G. 2001 Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Rese- arch, 28(1), 113-139.
Nepal, S. K. 2004 Indigenous ecotourism in central British Columbia: The potential for buil- ding capacity in the Tl'azt'en nations territories. Journal of Ecotourism, 3(3) 173-194.
Notzke, C. 1999 Indigenous tourism development in the arctic. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(1), 55-76.
Ruiz Ballesteros. E. 2005 Intervención social: cultura, discursos y poder. Aproximación desde la Antro- pología. Madrid: Talasa.
Salafsky, N., Cauley, H., Balanchander, G., Cordes, B., Parks, J., Margoulis, C., Bhatt, S., Encarnación, C., Russell, D. & Margoulis, R. 2001 A systematic test of an enterprise strategy for community-based biodiversity conservation Conservation Biology 15(6), 1585-1595.
Scheyvens, R. 1999 Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities, Tourism Manage- ment 20, 245-249
Solis Carrión, D. 2007 De la resistencia a la sostenibilidad. El proceso histórico del Turismo Comu- nitario en Ecuador y sus retos actuales. In E. Ruiz y D. Solís Turismo Comunitario en Ecuador. Desarrollo y sosteni- bilidad social. Quito: Abya-Yala.
Southgate, C. R. J. 2006 Ecotourism in Kenya: The vulnerabi- lity of communities. Journal of Ecotou- rism, 5(1-2), 80-96.
Stronza, A. 2001 Anthropology of tourism: Forging new ground for ecotourism and other alter- natives, Annual Review of Anthropology 30, 261-283.
Temple, D. 2003 Las estructuras elementales de la reciprocidad. La Paz: TARI / Plural editores.
Timothy, D. J., & White, K. 1999 Community-based ecotourism development on the periphery of Belize. Current Issues in Tourism, 2(2-3), 226-242.
Tsaur, S.; Lin, Y. & Lin J. 2006 Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of re- source, community and tourism. Tourism Management 27(4), 640-53.
Wallace, G. & Rusell, A. 2004 Eco-cultural tourism as a means for the sustainable development of culturally marginal and environmentally sen- sitive regions, Tourist Studies 4(3), 235-54.
Wearing, S., & McDonald, M. 2002 The development of community-based tourism: Re-thinking the relationship between tour operators and development agents as intermediaries in rural and isolated area communities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(3), 191-206.
Wesche, R. 1996 Developed country environmentalism and indigenous community controlled ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Amazon, Geographische Zeitschrift 84(3-4), 157-68.
Wood, M.E. 1998 Meeting the global challenge of community participation in ecotourism: ca- se study and lessons from Ecuador. Arlington: The Nature Conservancy.
World Tourism Organization 2006 Poverty alleviation through tourism. A compilation of good practices. Madrid:WTO.
Wunder, S. 1996 Ecoturismo, ingresos locales y conservación. El caso de Cuyabeno, Ecuador. Quito: Abya-Yala / UICN.
Wunder, S 2000 Ecotourism and economic incentives—an empirical approach, Ecological economics 32, 465-479.
WWF Internacional 2001 Directrices para el desarrollo del turismo comunitario. WWF.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
I confirm that the work is original (of my/our authorship), and that it will not be submitted to other journals or publications until the final resolution of the review process in PASOS, RTPC.
I authorize the publication of my work by PASOS, PSTN of free and open access in any of the formats that I deem appropriate, for an indefinite period of time and as a non-remunerated collaboration.
Likewise, the author(s) understands that the published work may be linked or deposited on any server or included in other publications (republication), provided that the new place and/or new edition references the original publication and acknowledges the authorship and copyright ownership of PASOS RTPC publications.
Authors understand that a plagiarism-self-plagiarism check will be performed, and the article may be removed at any time from the editorial flow.
