Integrating Sustainability and Hawaiian Culture into the Tourism Experience of the Hawaiian Islands
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2010.08.018Keywords:
Visitors, Hawaiian culture, Reintegrating, TourismAbstract
The travel industry in Hawaii has been experiencing a trend towards more authentic tourism, which reintegrates Hawaiian culture into the visitors’ experience. This study investigated the reintegra- tion of Hawaiian culture into the tourism experience on the Hawaiian Islands by reviewing existing lite- rature, and by analyzing primary data collected through visitor surveys. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there is a visitors’ demand for a more authentic tourism experience in Hawaii through the reintegration of Hawaiian culture, and if so, which efforts should be made or continue to be made to achieve this authenticity. Important aspects that were taken into consideration in this research effort are the changes Hawaiian culture has experienced with the arrival of outsiders, and the authenticity of the Hawaiian tourism experience today. Further aspects that were examined include the visitors’ image of Hawaii, their expectations, their experiences and satisfaction during their stay, their interest in and un- derstanding of Hawaiian culture, as well as the type of Hawaiian cultural experiences they are interested in. According to the findings of this study, English speaking visitors are interested in Hawaiian culture and feel that Hawaiian culture is not represented enough in the tourism experience today. The conclu- sion is, therefore, that efforts to integrate Hawaiian culture into the tourism experience need to be in- creased beyond what is currently being done. Ideas for reintegrating Hawaiian culture are discussed and possible solutions are provided.
Downloads
References
Agrusa, J. 1998 “Perceptions and attitudes toward the legalization of gaming in Hawaii by
Japanese-Speaking tourists and Eng- lish-Speaking tourists”. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2(2), 57–64.
Agrusa, J. 2000 “Krewes and their activities and spending on Mardi Gras in Lafayette, Louisiana”. Event Management, 6(2): 105-107.
Agrusa, J. 2002 “Cultural and heritage tourism, work- ing from a bottom-up approach”. 52nd TOSOK 2002 International Tourism Symposium and Conference. Buyeo County, Korea, 33-39.
Agrusa, J 2006 “The Role of Festivals and Events in Community Tourism Destination Man- agement”. In Jamieson, Community Destination Management in Developing Economics, (pp. 181-192). New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
Agrusa, J., Maples, G., Kitterlin, M. and Tanner, J. 2008 “Sensation seeking, culture, and the valuation experiential services”. Event Management, 11(3): 121 -128.
Arakawa, L. 2006, 7 February “’06 plan to attract Jap- anese visitors unveiled”. The Honolulu Advertiser, C1.
Beeton, S. 2001a “Smiling for the camera: the influence of film audiences on a budget tour- ism destination”. Tourism, Culture, and Communication, 3: 15-25.
Beeton, S. 2001b “Lights, camera, re-action. How does film-induced tourism affect a country town?” In M.F. Rogers and Y.M.J. Collins (Eds), the Future of Australia’s Country Towns (pp. 172-183). Bendigo: Centre for Sustainable Regional Com- munities, La Trobe University.
Beeton, S. 2005 “Film-induced Tourism: Aspects of Tourism”. Clevedon, England: Channel View Publications.
Busby, G. and Klug, J. 2001 “Movie-induced tourism: The challenge of measurement and other issues”. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(4): 316-332.
Butler, R.W. 1990 “The Influence of the media in shaping international tourism patterns”. Tourism Recreation Research, 15(2): 46-55.
Butler, R. and Hinch, T. (Eds.) 1996 “Tourism and indigenous peoples”. London: International Thomson Business Press.
Connell, J. 2005a “Toddlers, tourism and Tobermory: Destination marketing issues and TV- induced tourism”. Tourism Management, 26(5): 749-755.
Connell, J. 2005b “What the story in Balamory?: The impacts of a children’s TV programme
on small tourism enterprises on the isle of Mull, Scotland”. Journal of Sustaina- ble Tourism, 13 (3): 228-255.
Croall, J. 1995 “Preserve or destroy: Tourism and the environment”. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
Davis, D., Allen, J. and Cosenza, R. 1988 “Segmenting Local residents by their attitudes, interests and opinions toward tourism”. Journal of Travel Research, 27(2): 2-8.
Derrett, R. 2000 “Can festivals brand community cul- tural development and cultural tourism simultaneously?” In J. Allen, R. Harris, L. Jago, and J. Veal (Eds.), Events Beyond 2000: Setting the Agenda, Proceedings of Conference on Event Evaluation, Research and Education. Sydney.
Digance, J. 1997 “Life Cycle Model”. Annals of Tourism Research 24(2): 452-454.
Dwyer, L., Agrusa, J. and Coats, W. 2001 “Economic scale of a community event: The Lafayette Mardi Gras”. Pacific Tourism Review, 5: 167-179.
Dwyer, L., Mellor, R., Mistilis, N. and Mules, T. 2000 “A Framework for assessing ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’ impacts of events and conventions”. Event Management, 6: 175-189.
Farrell, B. H. 1982 “Hawaii, the legend that sells”. Honolulu, HI: University Press of Hawaii.
Filipova, M. 2008 “Challenges before the achievement of a sustainable cultural tourism”. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 14(2): 311-322.
Fisher, D. 2004 “The demonstration effect revisited”. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2): 428-446.
Formica, S. and Uysal, M. 1996 “The revitalization of Italy as a tourist destination”. Tourism Management, 17(5): 323-331.
Fredline, E. and Faulkner, B. 2000a “Host community reactions: A cluster analysis”. Annals of Tourism Re- search, 27(3): 764-785.
Fredline, E. and Faulkner, B. 2000b “Community perceptions of the impacts of events”. In J. Allen, R. Harris, L. Jago, and J. Veal (Eds.), Events beyond 2000: Setting the Agenda, Proceedings of Conference on Event Evaluation, Research and Education, Sydney.
Gentile, G. 2002, June, 24 “Road-trip trend may curtail Hawaii visits”. The Honolulu Advertiser, D1, D3.
Getz, D. 1987 “Event tourism: Evaluating the im- pacts”. In B. Ritchie and C. Goeldner (Eds.) Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Research: A Handbook for Managers and Researchers (2nd ed.) (pp. 437-450). New York: Wiley.
Getz, D. 1992 “Tourism, planning and destination life cycle”. Annals of Tourism Research,
(4): 752-770.
Gnoth, J. 1998 “Conference reports: branding tour- ism destinations”. Annals of Tourism Research, 25: 758-760.
Goeldner, C. R. and Ritchie, J. R 2009 “Tourism”. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Gursoy, D. and Chen, J. S. 2000 “Competitive analysis of cross cultural information search behavior”. Tour- ism Management, 21(6): 583-590.
Hall, L. K. 2005 “Hawaiian at heart and other fictions. The Contemporary Pacific”. 17: 404-413. Hawaii Tourism Authority (HTA) 2007 “Style and Resource Guide” viewed 12 January, 2009, http://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/documents_upload_path/home_pdfs/HTA_St yle_Guide_051507_FINAL_Web.pdf
Hsu, K. H., Agrusa, J. and Park, B. 2006 “The impact of Korean soap operas on Korea’s image as a tourism destination”. 12th Asia Pacific Tourism Association & 4th APacCHRIE Joint Conference Abstracts, 61.
Jang, S., and Cai, L. 2002 “Travel motivations and destination choice: A study of British outbound market”. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 13(3): 111-132.
Kanahele, G. S. 1991 “Critical reflections on cultural val- ues and hotel management in Hawaii”. Honolulu, HI: Waiaha Foundation.
Kanahele, G. S. 1994 “Restoring Hawaiianness to Waikiki”. Honolulu, HI: Queen Emma Foundation.
Kim, S., Agrusa, J., Lee, H., and Chon, K. 2007 “Effects of Korean television dramas on the flow of Japanese tourists”. Tour- ism Management, 28(6): 1340-1353.
Kim, H., Borges, M. C., and Chon, J. 2006 “Impacts of environmental values on tourism motivation: The case of FI- CA”. Brazil. Tourism Management, 27: 957-967.
Kim, S., Lee, C., and Klenosky, D. 2003 “The influence of push and pull fac- tors at Korean national parks”. Tourism Management, 24: 169-180.
Kim, S. and Prideaux, B. 2005 “Marketing implications arising from a comparative study of international pleasure tourist motivations and other travel-related characteristics of visitors to Korea”. Tourism Management, 26: 347-357.
Kim, H. and Richardson, S. 2003 “Motion picture impacts on destination images”. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1): 216-237.
Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, B. 1998 “Destination culture: Tourism, museums and heritage”. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kozak, M. 2002 “Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations”. Tourism Management, 23: 221-232.
Lui, J. and Var, T. 1986 “Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawaii”. Annals of Tourism Research, 13(2): 193-194.
Los Angeles Times 2007 “Contemporary Hawaiian culture” viewed 2 January, 2009, http://travel. latimes.com/destinations/hawaii/clm/in- depth/today
MacKay, K. and Couldwell, C. M. 2004 “Using visitor-employed photography to investigate destination image”. Journal of Travel Research, 42: 390-396.
Martin, S. B. and Uysal, M. 1990 “An examination of the relationship between carrying capacity and the tour- ism lifecycle: management and policy implications”. Journal of Environmental Management, 31: 327-332.
McDonnell. I., Allen, J. and O’Toole, W. 1999 “Festival and special event management”. Brisbane: John Wiley and Sons.
McKercher B. 1993 “Some fundamental truths about tour- ism: Understanding tourisms social and environmental impacts”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1: 6-16.
McKercher, B., and Cros, H. 2002 “Cultural tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management”. New York: The Haworth
Hospitality Press. Mercille, J. 2005 “Media effects on image: the case of Tibet”. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4): 1039-1055.
NHHA 2007 “Welina mai” viewed 3 January, 2009, http://www.nahha.com/default.asp
Newby, P. 1981 “Literature and the fashioning of tourist taste.” In D. Pocock (Ed.), Hu- manistic Geography and Literature: Es- says on the Experience of Place (pp. 130-141). London: Croom Helm.
Oh, H., Kim, B., and Shin, J. 2004 “Hospitality and tourism marketing: Recent developments in research and future directions”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23: 425-447.
Pearce, P., Moscardo, G., and Ross, G. 1996 “Tourism Community Relationships”. Oxford: Pergamon.
Plog, S. C. 2001 “Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity: An update of a Cornell Quarterly Classic”. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(3): 13-24.
Pretes, M. 1995 “Postmodern tourism: the Santa Claus industry”. Annals of Tourism Re- search, 22(1): 1-15.
Prideaux, B. 2000 “The resort development spectrum: A new approach to modeling resort development”. Tourism Management, 21(3):225-240.
Radway, S. 2007, January “Hawaii calls”, viewed 3 January, 2009, http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/archivearticle.aspx?id=4002&qr=Hawaii%20Call
Riley, R. W. and Van Doren, C. 1992 “Movie as tourism promotion”. Tour- ism Management 13: 267-274.
Riley, R. W., Baker, D., and Van Doren, C. 1998 “Movie induced tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(4): 919-935.
Schmitt, R. C. (ed.) 2002 “Hawaii Data Book”. Honolulu, HI:Mutual.
Smith, S. L. J. 1994 “The tourism product”. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3): 582-595.
Stokes, R. 2008 “Tourism strategy making: Insights to the events tourism domain”. Tourism Management, 29(2): 252-262. 71-88.
Tooke, N. and Baker, M. 1996 “Seeing is believing: The effect of film on visitor numbers in screened locations”. Tourism Management, 17(2): 87-94.
Travel Industry Association of America (TIA), Research Department 2003 “The historic/cultural traveler”. Wash- ington, D.C.: TIA.
UNESCO 2002 “International symposium on the Silk Roads Xi’an Declaration”. Viewed 3 December, 2009, http://portal.unesco.org/culture
Wang, Y. and Fesenmaier, D. R. 2007 “Collaborative destination marketing: A case study of Elkhart county, Indiana”. Tourism Management, 28(3): 863-875.
WTO 1998 “Guide for local authorities on developing sustainable tourism”. Madrid: World Tourism Organization, viewed 4 December, 2009, http//www.unwto.org/index.php
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
I confirm that the work is original (of my/our authorship), and that it will not be submitted to other journals or publications until the final resolution of the review process in PASOS, RTPC.
I authorize the publication of my work by PASOS, PSTN of free and open access in any of the formats that I deem appropriate, for an indefinite period of time and as a non-remunerated collaboration.
Likewise, the author(s) understands that the published work may be linked or deposited on any server or included in other publications (republication), provided that the new place and/or new edition references the original publication and acknowledges the authorship and copyright ownership of PASOS RTPC publications.
Authors understand that a plagiarism-self-plagiarism check will be performed, and the article may be removed at any time from the editorial flow.
