Estrategias de supervivencia de las PYMEs en la pandemia Covid-19 en los sitios de turismo patrimonial en Turquía
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2024.22.008Palabras clave:
Pandemia de COVID-19, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas Turísticas, Sitios de Patrimonio, Desarrollo regional, Región de Capadocia, TurquíaResumen
La pandemia de Covid-19 ha representado un desafío multidimensional para la industria turística a nivel mundial, sin embargo, existe falta de información sobre los impactos de la pandemia en diferentes destinos y empresas turísticas. Con el fin de contribuir a los esfuerzos científicos para comprender, explicar y explorar los efectos de esta enfermedad en el turismo, esta investigación examina los impactos en las pequeñas y medianas empresas turísticas (PYMEs) locales y sus estrategias de supervivencia en la región de Capadocia, un destino de turismo patrimonial reconocido a nivel mundial en Turquía. Se recopilaron datos primarios a través de entrevistas estructuradas realizadas a 97 participantes de dos grupos, que incluyen entrevistados de pequeñas y medianas instalaciones de alojamiento y empresas turísticas, incluidos servicios turísticos auxiliares. Descubrimos que los destinos turísticos patrimoniales y las SMTEs ubicadas en estos destinos parecen ser mucho más vulnerables a los impactos de la Covid-19 debido a las características del destino. Los hallazgos muestran que la gran mayoría de las SMTEs han establecido nuevas relaciones comerciales basadas en la solidaridad para la supervivencia, pero también han destinado recursos para el crecimiento y la inversión futura, lo que parece poner en peligro los esfuerzos de recuperación.
Descargas
Citas
Anderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The Lancet, 395(10228), 931–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
Brouder, P., Teoh, S., Salazar, N. B., Mostafanezhad, M., Pung, J. M., Lapointe, D., Desbiolles, F. H., Haywood, M., Hall, C. M., Clausen, H. B. (2020). Reflections and discussions: tourism matters in the new normal post COVID-19, Tourism Geographies, 22:3, 735-746, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1770325
Calisir-Hovardaoglu, S., Hovardaoglu, O. (2020). Next Generation Tourism Entrepreneurs in Rural Turkey: New Modes of Integration Between Tourism and Agriculture. In Jean Vasile, A., Subic, J., Grubor, A., & Privitera, D. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Agricultural Policy, Rural Development, and Entrepreneurship in Contemporary Economies (pp. 220-240). IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9837-4.ch011
Chen, S., Law, R., Zhang, M. (2021) Review of research on tourism-related diseases, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26:1, 44-58, DOI: 10.1080/10941665.2020.1805478
Foo, L.P., Chin, M.Y., Tan, K. L., Phuah, K. T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia, Current Issues in Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1777951
Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M. (2021) Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29:1, 1-20, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Guidance Documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (n.d.) https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/communication/guidance-list.html?Sort=Date%3A%3Adesc
Hamid, A. B. A. (2020). The Effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Tourism Industry in China. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3(1), 52-58.
International Olympics Committee, (2020). Joint statement on the Postponement of Tokyo 2020 Olympics. https://www.olympic.org/news/joint-statement-from-the-international-olympic-committee-and-the-tokyo-2020-organising-committee
Jeon C. Y., Yang, H. W. (2021): The structural changes of a local tourism network: comparison of before and after COVID-19, Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2021.1874890
Jones, P., Comfort, D. (2020). The COVID-19 Crisis, Tourism and Sustainable Development. Athens Journal of Tourism, 7 (2). pp. 75-86. doi:10.30958/ajt/v7i2
Kaushal, V., Srivastava, S. (2021). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 92, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102707
Kock, F., Nørfelt, A., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G., Tsionas, M. G. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The Evolutionary Tourism Paradigm. Annals of Tourism Research, 85, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103053
KTB, (2020a). Tourism Statistics 3rd Quarter Report. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/78391,turizmistatistikleri2020-3-ceyrekpdf.pdf?0
KTB, (2020b). Circular on Covid-19 exceptions about reservation cancelation penalties for tourism facilities. https://teftis.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/71771,genelge2020-3docx.docx?0
KTB, (2020c). Circular on controlled normalization in accommodation facilities. https://tga.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Genelge_2020_6.pdf
KTB, (2020d). Circular on controlled normalization in accommodation facilities. https://www.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/72812,genelge-8pdf.pdf?0
KTB, (2020e). Circular on certain changes about controlled normalization in accommodation facilities. https://www.tga.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/71490862Genelge.pdf
KTB, (2020f). Circular on controlled normalization in sea tourism facilities and vehicles, and touristic sport activities. https://tga.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020-10-SIRA-SAYILI-GENELGE.pdf
KTB, (2020g). Circular on controlled normalization process for culture and arts facilities. https://tga.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/KulturGenelge.pdf
KTB, (2020h). Circular on certain changes about the normalization process for accommodation facilities and on Safe Tourism Certificate. https://tga.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GENELGE-2020-14.pdf
KTB, (2020i). Circular on certain changes about the normalization process for accommodation facilities and on Safe Tourism Certificate. https://www.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/76283,20206-sira-sayili-konaklama-tesislerinde-kontrollu-norm-.pdf?0
KTB, (n.d. a). Database of Safe Tourism Certificate for Accommodation facilities certified by the municipality. https://ktb.gov.tr/genel/searchhotel.aspx?lang=tr&certificateType=5
KTB, (n.d. b). Database of Safe Tourism Certificate for Accommodation facilities certified by the Ministry. https://ktb.gov.tr/genel/searchhotel.aspx?lang=tr&certificateType=4
KTB, (n.d. c). Accommodation Statistics Database for Accommodation facilities certified by the Ministry. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-201136/turizm-yatirim-ve-isletme-bakanlik-belgeli-tesis-istati-.html
KTB, (n.d. d). Accommodation Statistics Database for Accommodation facilities certified by the municipality. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-201137/belediye-belgeli-tesis-istatistikleri.html
Mallapaty, S. (2020). What the cruise-ship outbreaks reveal about COVID-19. Nature, 580(7801), 18–18. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-00885-w
MoI, (2020a). Circular on Curfew of 65 and elderly Citizens, Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Turkey. https://icisleri.gov.tr/65-yas-ve-ustu-ile-kronik-rahatsizligi-olanlara-sokaga-cikma-yasagi-genelgesi
MoI, (2020b). Circular on intercity mass transportation, Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Turkey. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/81-il-valiligine-koronavirus-tedbirleri-kapsaminda-ucakotobus-seferleri-genelgesi
MoI, (2020c). Circular on Intercity entrance and exit restrictions and age restrictions in the Greater Municipalities and the Province of Zonguldak, Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Turkey. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/sehir-giriscikis-tebirleri-ve-yas-sinirlamasi
MoI, (2020d). Circular on the end of entrance restrictions from abroad. http://www.vda.org.tr/upload/duyuru/Tu%CC%88rk%20ve%20Yabanc%C4%B1%20U%CC%88lke%20Vatandas%CC%A7lar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20Giris%CC%A7-C%CC%A7%C4%B1k%C4%B1s%CC%A7lar%C4%B1%2011.06.2020.pdf
MoI, (2020e). Circular on additional measures on Covid-19 restrictions. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/koronavirus-ek-tedbirleri-genelgesi
MoI, (2020f). Circular concerning the restaurants in the accommodation facilities. Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Turkey. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/konaklama-tesislerindeki-restoranlar-konulu-genelge
Nakazawa E., Ino H., Akabayashi A. (2020). Chronology of COVID-19 cases on the diamond princess cruise ship and ethical considerations: A report from Japan. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 14(4):1–8.
Niestadt, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the tourism sector. Background material prepared for the staff and the members of the European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/649368/EPRS_ATA(2020)649368_EN.pdf
Prideaux, B., Thompson, M., Pabel, A. (2020). Lessons from COVID-19 can prepare global tourism for the economic transformation needed to combat climate change, Tourism Geographies, 22:3, 667-678, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1762117
Qiu, R. T. R., Park, J., Li, S., Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research. 84, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102994
Schutt, R. K. (2006). Investigating the social world: The process and practice of research (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312–321 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), (2020). UEFA postpones EURO 2020 by 12 months. https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025b-0ef35fa07210-adb80b5eb2e7-1000--uefa-postpones-euro-2020/
Tucker, H. (2010). Peasant-entrepreneurs: A longitudinal ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), 927–946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.03.001
TURKSTAT, (2020). Tourism Statistics News Bulletin, 2020. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do;jsessionid=nrg0fJCYh11FBZLhQ4hsZ9mdbkXQy1Nvsjj9G5SCVd2jXhQQhQW5!-797890576?id=33669
TURKSTAT, (2021). Tourism Statistics News Bulletin, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turizm-Istatistikleri-IV.Ceyrek:-Ekim-Aralik-ve-Yillik,-2020-37438&dil=1
TURSAB, (2020a). Tourism Income Statistics https://www.tursab.org.tr/istatistikler-icerik/turizm-geliri
TURSAB, (2020b) Share of Tourism Income in Total Export Amounts. https://www.tursab.org.tr//assets/assets/uploads/istatislik/ithalat-ihracay-icindeki-payi.xls
TURSAB, (2020c). Number of Total Departures based on the Reason of Arrival. https://www.tursab.org.tr//assets/assets/uploads/istatislik/gelis-nedenine-gore-cikis-yapan-z.xls
Uğur, N. G., Akbıyık, A. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross-regional comparison. Tourism Management Perspectives. 36, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100744
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2020). Impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on international tourism. Retrieved from https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-03/24-03Coronavirus.pdf
Wachyuni, S. S., Kusumaningrum, D. A. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic: How are the Future Tourist Behavior?. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 33(4), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2020/v33i430219
WHO, (n.d.(a)). Covid-19 Interactive Timeline https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline/#!
WHO, (n.d.(b)). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation report—30. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200219-sitrep-30-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=3346b04f_2
Yang, H. Y., Chen, K. H. (2009). A general equilibrium analysis of the economic impact of a tourism crisis: A case study of the SARS epidemic in Taiwan. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407960902738313
Yang, Y., Zhang H., Chen X. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling of infectious disease outbreak. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102913
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Ozan Hovardaoglu, Seda Calisir-Hovardaoglu
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Confirmo que el trabajo es original (de mi/nuestra autoría), y que no se someterá a otras revistas o publicaciones hasta la resolución definitiva del proceso de revisión en PASOS, RTPC.
Autorizo la publicación de mi trabajo por PASOS, RTPC de acceso abierto y gratuito en cualquiera de los formatos que estime oportunos, por un plazo indeterminado y a título de colaboración no remunerada.
Asimismo, el/los autor/es entiende/n que el trabajo publicado podrá vincularse o depositarse en cualquier servidor o ser incluido en otras publicaciones (republicación), siempre y cuando el nuevo lugar y/o la nueva edición referencie la publicación original y reconozca la autoría y la propiedad del copyright de las publicaciones de PASOS RTPC.
Los/as autores/as entienden que se realizará una comprobación de plagio-autoplagio, pudiendo retirarse el artículo en cualquier momento del flujo editorial
