A integração de políticas de turismo sustentável nas cidades europeias
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2022.20.083Palavras-chave:
Public policy, sustainable tourism, tourism policy, urban tourism, European citiesResumo
As cidades europeias têm registado um crescimento intenso no turismo e mobilidade relacionada. Esta pressão sobre os centros urbanos aumentou a percepção pública sobre a necessidade de conceber políticas de turismo mais sustentáveis que abordem vários dilemas. Este artigo compara as políticas de turismo de onze cidades europeias, considerando o que os governos introduzem ou omitem nos seus documentos de política de turismo. O objectivo é observar em que medida as acções directamente relacionadas com a sustentabilidade estão a ser incorporadas. Os resultados indicam que as políticas locais de turismo estão a afastar-se de um modelo de acção pública baseado unicamente na consideração do impacto económico do turismo e estão a começar a trabalhar com uma gama mais ampla de impactos. Neste cenário, as ideias de equilíbrio e sustentabilidade são mais claramente acomodadas.
Downloads
Referências
Aguilera, T., Artioli, F. and Colomb, C. (2019). Explaining the diversity of policy responses to platform mediated short-term rentals in European cities: A comparison of Barcelona, Paris and Milan. Environment and Planning A. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19862286
Amin, A. and Thrift, N. (2002). Cities: Reimagining the Urban. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Anton Clavé, S. (2019). Urban tourism and walkability. In Fayos-Solà, E. and Cooper, C. (Eds). The future of tourism: Innovation and sustainability (pp. 195-211). Wien-New York: Springer.
Arias-Sans, A. and Quaglieri-Domínguez, A. (2016). Unravelling Airbnb: Urban perspectives from Barcelona. In Russo, P, Richards, G (Eds). Reinventing the Local in Tourism: Travel Communities and Peer-Produced Place Experiences (pp. 209–228). London: Channel View.
Ashworth, G. & Page, S.J. (2011). Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes. Tourism Management, 32, 1–15. https://doi.org/(...).tourman.2010.02.002
Belle, N. and Bramwell, B. (2005). Climate change and small island tourism: policy maker and industry perspectives in Barbados. Journal of Travel Research, 44 (1), pp. 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505276589
Brandajs, F. and Russo, A. P. (2019). Whose is that square? Cruise tourists’ mobilities and negotiation for public space in Barcelona. Applied Mobilities. https://doi.org/10.1080/23800127.2019.1576257
Cañada, E. (2018). Too precarious to be inclusive? Hotel maid employment in Spain. Tourism Geographies, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1437765
Capano, G., Howlett, M., Ramesh M. and Virani, A. (2019). Making Policies Work. Edward Elgard Publishing.
Carić, H. and Mackelworth, P. (2014). Cruise tourism environmental impacts–The perspective from the Adriatic Sea. Ocean and coastal management,102, 350-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.008
Castells, M. (1999). Grassrooting the space of flows. Urban Geography, 20(4), 294-302. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.20.4.294
Cocola-Gant, A. (2018). Tourism gentrification. In Lees, L. and Phillips, M. (eds). Handbook of Gentrification Studies (pp. 281-293). Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Cocola-Gant, A. (2016). Holiday rentals: The new gentrification battlefront. Sociological Research Online, 21(3), 10. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.4071
Colomb, C. and Novy, J. (eds) (2017). Protest and Resistance in the Tourist City. London and New York: Routledge.
Connell, J., Page, S. J., & Bentley, T. (2009). Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: Monitoring local government planning under the Resource Management Act. Tourism Management, 30(6), 867-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.001
Dodds, R. and Kelman, I. (2008). How climate change is considered in sustainable tourism policies: a case of the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Mallorca. Tourism Review International, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 57-70. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427208785899920
Dredge, D, Gyimóthy, S., Birkbak, A.,Jensen, T.E.&Madsen, A. K. (2016). The impact of regulatory approaches targeting collaborative economy in the tourism accommodation sector: Barcelona, Berlin, Amsterdam and Paris. Impulse Paper No 9 prepared for the European Commission DG GROWTH. Aalborg University, Copenhagen. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/content/impact-regulatory-approaches-collaborative-economy-tourism-accommodation-sector-barcelona-0_en
Dredge, D. and Gyimóthy, S. (2015). The collaborative economy and tourism: Critical perspectives, questionable claims and silenced voices. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(3), 286-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1086076
Dredge, D., Ford, E., & Whitford, M. (2011). Managing local tourism: Building sustainable tourism management practices across local government divides. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(2), 101-116. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/23745472
Fisher and Miller (Eds.), 2007. Handbook of public policy analysis: theory, politics, and methods (public administration and public policy. CRC Press.
Dimitrovski, D. and Crespi Vallbona, M. (2018). Urban food markets in the context of a tourist attraction–La Boqueria market in Barcelona, Spain. Tourism Geographies, 20(3), 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1399438
Duignan, M. and Pappalepore, I. (2019). Visitor (im)mobility, leisure consumption and mega-event impact: the territorialisation of Greenwich and small business exclusion at the London 2012 Olympics. Leisure Studies, 38(2), 160-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1572212
Gonzalez, S. and Dawson, G. (2015). Resisting retail gentrification in traditional public markets in London’, In Working Paper Series Contested Cities. Retrieved from http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/103416/
González-Pérez, J.M. (2020). The dispute over tourist cities. Tourism gentrification in the historic Centre of Palma (Majorca, Spain). Tourism Geographies, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1586986
Guimaraes, P.P.C. (2016). The Transformation of Retail Markets in Lisbon: An Analysis through the Lens of Retail Gentrification. European Planning Studies, 26(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1474177
Graham, S. and Marvin, S. (2001). Splintering Urbanism. London and New York: Routledge.
Hall, M. (2011). Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: from first- and second-order to third-order change? Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(4-5), 649-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.555555
Heo, C.Y. (2016). Sharing economy and prospects in tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 58, 166-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.02.002
Hill, M. & Varone, F. (2016). The Public Policy Process. Routledge.
Hof, A. & Blázquez-Salom, M. (2015). Changing tourism patterns, capital accumulation, and urban water consumption in Mallorca, Spain: a sustainability fix? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(5), 770-796. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.991397
Kinton, C., Smith, D.P., Harrison, J. (2016). De-studentification: emptying housing and neighbourhoods of student populations. Environment and Planning A, 48(8), 1617-1635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16642446
Jonas, A.E. (2015). Beyond the urban ‘sustainability fix’: looking for new spaces and discourses of sustainability in the city. In Wilson, D. (Ed). The politics of the urban sustainability concept. Champaign. IL: Common Ground Publishing, (pp. 117–135).
Maxim, C. (2016). Sustainable tourism implementation in urban areas: a case study of London, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(7), 971-989. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1115511
Mermet, A.C. (2017). Global retail capital and the city: towards an intensification of gentrification. Urban Geography, 38(8), 1158–1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1200328
Peeters, P., Gössling, S., Klijs, J., et al (2018). Research for TRAN Committee - Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses. European Parliament. Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels. Quattrone, et al 2016. https://doi.org/10.2861/919195
Peters, B. G.& Zittoun, P. (2016). Contemporary Approaches to Public Policy. Theories, Controversies and Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Quinn, B. (2007). Performing Tourism. Venetian Residents in Focus. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 458–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.11.002
Russo, A.P. and Scarnato, A. (2018). “Barcelona in common”: A new urban regime for the 21st-century tourist city? Journal of Urban Affairs, 40(4),455-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1373023
Stock, M. and Schmiz, A. (2019). Catering authenticities. Ethnic food entrepreneurs as agents in Berlin’s gentrification. City, Culture and Society, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2019.05.001
Parson, 1995. PUBLIC POLICY: An introduction to the theory and practice of policy analysis. Edward Elgar.
Santos-Lacueva, R., Anton Clavé, S. and Saladié, O. (2017). Discontinuities and limitations of the most recent Spanish tourism plans related to the environmental sustainability of sun and sand tourism. Cuadernos de Turismo, 40, 599-626. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321421911_Discontinuities_and_limitations_of_the_most_recent_Spanish_tourism_plans_related_to_the_environmental_sustainability_of_sun_and_sand_tourism
Santos-Lacueva and Saladié, 2016. Acción pública en materia de turismo y cambio climático: las percepciones de los stakeholders en la Riviera maya (México). Pasos, 14 (3), Special Issue, 611-630. http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/11216
Sequera, J., & Nofre, J. (2018). Debates Shaken, not stirred. New debates on touristification and the limits of gentrification. City, 22(5–6). https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2018.1548819
Transport and Environment (2019). Europe’s giant ‘taxi’ company: is Uber part of the problem or the solution? Retrieved from https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/uber-adds-pollution-and-traffic-european-cities-too
Velasco González, M. (2008). Evolución de los problemas del turismo español. La Administración General del Estado como analista y los planes públicos como indicadores. Papers de Turisme, nº 43, pp. 7-32.
Velasco M. (2016). Tourism Policy. In: Farazmand A. (Eds). Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2674-1
Pais, V. (2018). Lisbon Urban Tourism Policies & Sustainability. Camara Municipal de Lisboa. Communication at Tourism Ecoforum 2018. Retrieved from https://www.global-ecoforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/BarcelonaApres_LisboaVP.pdf
Wachsmuth, D. and Weisler, A. (2018). Airbnb and the rent gap: Gentrification through the sharing economy. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space,50(6), 1147-1170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X18778038
Yrigoy, I. (2019). Rent gap reloaded: Airbnb and the shift from residential to touristic rental housing in the Palma Old Quarter in Mallorca, Spain. Urban Studies, 56 (13). https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018803261
While, A., Jonas, A. E., & Gibbs, D. (2004). The environment and the entrepreneurial city: searching for the urban ‘sustainability fix’ in Manchester and Leeds. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(3), 549-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00535.x
WTO, World Tourism Organization (2018). ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions. Madrid: UNWTO. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419999
WTO, World Tourism Organization (2019). ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, Volume 2: Case Studies. Madrid: UNWTO. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420629
World Travel & Tourism Council (2017). Coping with Success: Managing Overcrowding in Tourism Destinations. London: World Travel & Tourism Council. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-logistics-and-transport-infrastructure/our-insights/coping-with-success-managing-overcrowding-in-tourism-destinations
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 María Velasco González, Raquel Santos Lacueva, Alejandro González Domingo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Confirmo que o trabalho é original (de minha/nossa autoria), e que não será submetido a outras revistas ou publicações até a resolução final do processo de revisão em PASOS, RTPC.
Autorizo a publicação do meu trabalho por PASOS, PSTN de acesso livre e aberto em qualquer dos formatos que considere oportuno, por tempo indeterminado e como colaboração não remunerada.
Da mesma forma, o(s) autor(es) entende(m) que o trabalho publicado pode ser vinculado ou depositado em qualquer servidor ou incluído em outras publicações (republicação), desde que o novo local e/ou a nova edição façam referência à publicação original e reconheçam a autoria e propriedade de direitos autorais das publicações PASOS RTPC.
Os autores entendem que uma verificação de plágio autoplágio será realizada, e o artigo poderá ser removido a qualquer momento do fluxo editorial.