Factors of community participation that explain the benefits of ecotourism

María Cristina Sosa; Ludger Brenner

doi:10.25145/j.pasos.2021.19.030

Autores

María Cristina Sosa Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Unidad Mazatlán, México https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1352-4826
Ludger Brenner Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-9007

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2021.19.030

Palavras-chave:

ecoturismo, turismo comunitário, gestão, participação comunitária, sustentabilidade

Resumo

A sustentabilidade das iniciativas de ecoturismo representa um grande desafio. O objectivo deste estudo é melhorar a nossa compreensão de como a participação da comunidade na gestão do ecoturismo pode contribuir para alcançar resultados mais sustentáveis através da identificação de factores-chave que tornam possível potenciar uma gama mais ampla de objectivos económicos, sociais e ambientais. Com base na teoria do planeamento colaborativo e no enfoque estratégico do turismo comunitário, o nosso trabalho adoptou uma abordagem mista para comparar e explicar as diferenças entre duas cooperativas locais na costa do estado de Nayarit, México. Os resultados revelam diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os benefícios obtidos através do ecoturismo e identificam os factores que fomentam a participação activa da comunidade pelos residentes locais que, por sua vez, geram correlações positivas com esses benefícios. Os resultados foram apoiados por entrevistas qualitativas com informadores externos. A nossa conclusão é que o nível de benefícios obtidos pode ser razoavelmente explicado por um conjunto de seis factores-chave.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

María Cristina Sosa, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Unidad Mazatlán, México

María Cristina Sosa has a degree in Business Administration (2007) and master in Business Strategic Administration (2012) from the National University of Misiones (Argentina), and holds a PhD in Tourism Management from the West Autonomous University (Mexico). Her research interests center on models of organizational management, decision-making, sustainable tourism, and ecotourism.

Ludger Brenner, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa.

Ludger Brenner is full-time professor of the Department of Sociology at the Autonomous Metropolitan University based in Mexico City. He holds a PhD in Geography from the University of Trier (Germany). His research interests include tourism geography, the environmental governance and management of protected areas. Dr. Brenner has directed numerous theses at the undergraduate and graduate levels and has been responsible for research projects sponsored by various Mexican and foreign institutions. He has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals, books, and book chapters.

Referências

Agüera, F. O. (2014). Turismo y cooperación al desarrollo: Un análisis de los beneficios del ecoturismo para los destinos. El Periplo Sustentable, (26), 47-66.

Ander-Egg, E. (2000). Métodos y técnicas de investigación social III. Como organizar el trabajo de investigación. Buenos Aires: Editorial Lumen.

Babbie, E. (2000). Fundamentos de la investigación social. México: Thompson Editores.

Blamey, R. (2001). Principles of ecotourism. In D. Weaver (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 5-22). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Cheung, H. (2015). Ecotourism as a multidisciplinary conservation approach in Africa. THERYA, 6(1), 31-41.

Clausen, H. B. and Gyimóthy, S. (2016). Seizing community participation in sustainable development: pueblos mágicos of Mexico. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111, 318-326.

Coria, J. and Calfucura, E. (2012). Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecological Economics, 73, 47-55.

Das, M. and Chatterjee, B. (2015). Ecotourism: A panacea or a predicament? Tourism Management Perspectives, 14, 3-16.

Fahmi, F.Z., Prawira, M.I., Hudalah, D. and Firman, T. (2016). Leadership and collaborative planning: The case of Surakarta, Indonesia. Planning Theory, 15(3) 294-315.

Fernández, A. M.J. (2011). Turismo comunitario y empresas de base comunitaria turísticas: ¿estamos hablando de lo mismo? El Periplo Sustentable, (20), 31-74.

Fiorello, A. and Bo, D. (2012). Community-based ecotourism to meet the new tourist's expectations: an exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(7), 758-778.

Forester, J. (2012). On the theory and practice of critical pragmatism: Deliberative practice and creative negotiations. Planning Theory, 12(1), 5-22.

Goodwin, H. (1996). In pursuit of ecotourism. Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 277–291

Guevara, J. R. Q. (1996). Learning through participatory action research for community ecotourism planning. Convergence, 29(3), 24-40.

Gunn, C. A. and Var, T. (2002). Tourism Planning: Basics, concepts, cases. 4th ed. New York: Routledge.

Hall, C. M. (1999). Rethinking collaboration and partnership: A public policy perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(3-4), 274-289.

Healey, P. (1997). Collaborative planning. Shaping places in fragmented societies. Vancouver: UBC Press.

INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Anuario estadístico y geográfico de Nayarit, 2017. Recovered 11 August 2017 from https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/biblioteca/ficha.html?upc=702825092054

Innes, J. E. and Booher, D. E. (2014). A turning point for planning theory? Overcoming dividing discourses. Planning Theory, 14(2), 195-213.

Jalani, J. O. (2012). Local people's perception on the impacts and importance of ecotourism in Sabang, Palawan, Philippines. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 247-254.

Jamal, T. B. and Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 186-204.

Kernel, P. (2005). Creating and implementing a model for sustainable development in tourism enterprises. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(2), 151-164.

Krüger, O. (2005). The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora’s box? Biodiversity & Conservation, 14(3), 579-600.

Lee, T. H. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management, 34, 37-46.

Li, W. (2006). Community decision-making participation in development. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 132-143.

López, P.G. and Palomino, V.B. (2014). Las empresas comunitarias de turismo naturaleza: factores de éxito y fracaso. Documento PPT. Recovered 10 May 2020 from https://docplayer.es/18869770-Las-empresas-comunitarias-de-turismo-naturaleza-factores-de-exito-y-fracaso.html

McCool, S. F. (2009). Constructing partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and messiness. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2), 133-148.

Morera, D. (2008). Sinergias entre ecoturismo y desarrollo local en la Península de Osa, Costa Rica. Recovered from http://www.zobodat.at/stable/pdf/STAPFIA_0088_0755-0762.pdf

Murphy, P. (1985). Tourism: a community approach. London: Methuen.

Murphy, P. E. and Murphy, A. E. (2004). Strategic Management for Tourism Communities. Bridging the Gaps. England: Channel View Publications.

Nault, S. and Stapleton, P. (2011). The community participation process in ecotourism development: A case study of the community of Sogoog, Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(6), 695-712.

Navarrete, J. M. (2000). El muestreo en la investigación cualitativa. Investigaciones sociales, 4(5), 165-180.

Obombo, M. K. and Velarde, V. M. (2019). El ecoturismo en las reservas de la biósfera: Prácticas y actitudes hacia la conservación. Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 17(1), 97-112.

Okazaki, E. (2008). A Community-Based Tourism Model: Its conception and use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5), 511-529.

Orams, M. B. (2001). Types of Ecotourism. In D. Weaver (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp.23-36). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Orellana, S.E.E (2014). La gestión del desempeño social: una herramienta para la planeación participativa. En Gutiérrez, P.M. (Coord.), Planeación Participativa: Crítica, métodos y experiencias (pp. 195-207). Recovered from http://www.redcimas.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/LIBRO-PLANIFICACION-PARTICIPATIVA-13.pdf#page=107

Ponce, A. A. (2012). La sustentabilidad como condición para el desarrollo de la Riviera Nayarit. En Arreola, Pacheco y Guevara (Coords.), Nayarit. Economía y Sociedad (pp. 361-374). Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit.

Ramos, A. M. and Prideaux, B. (2014). Indigenous ecotourism in the Mayan rainforest of Palenque: empowerment issues in sustainable development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(3), 461-479.

Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245-249.

Sebele, L. S. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana. Tourism Management, 31(1), 136-146.

SECTUR (Secretaría de Turismo) y UAN (Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit) (2014). Agenda de competitividad turística Riviera Nayarit. Recovered 16 August 2017 from http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/PDF-Riviera-Nayarit.pdf

Selin, S. and Chávez, D. (1995). Developing an evolutionary tourism partnership model. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 844-856.

Sosa, M.C. and Contreras, L.M.R (2018). Ecoturismo como vía al desarrollo sostenible. Análisis crítico de su fracaso en países no desarrollados y propuesta para su gestión. En Carrillo, Ramírez y Molinar (Coords.), Emprendimientos e iniciativas turísticas, casos en México (pp. 143-162). Recovered from http://ww.ucol.mx/content/publicacionesenlinea/adjuntos/Emprendimientos-e-iniciativas-turisticas_472.pdf.

Sosa, M.C. (2018). Planeación estratégica comunitaria para la integración de objetivos del ecoturismo. Caso: cooperativas turísticas de la Riviera Nayarit (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Universidad de Occidente, Mexico.

Taylor, G. (1995). The community approach: Does it really work? Tourism Management, 16(7), 487-489.

Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism Management, 27(3), 493-504.

Vargas del Río, D. and Brenner, L. (2013). Ecoturismo comunitario y conservación ambiental: la experiencia de La Ventanilla, Oaxaca, México. Estudios Sociales, 21(41), 32-63.

Xaltembatv (29 October 2017). Isla del coral, el proyecto. (Video archive). Consulted 20 May 2018 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkFnmsp735Y&t=6s